PAINTING. 101 
and a Venus, to which afterwards was added an Jo. These pictures went 
through many strange adventures, until at length they fell into the hands 
of Queen Christina of Sweden, who had them made into window-shutters, 
but afterwards gave them to Bourdon the painter. Thus they came to 
France, where they remained till Philippe Egalité (father of king Louis 
Philippe) sold them to England, where from puritanical motives they 
were cut up and the head of Io burnt. The remaining pieces came 
into the possession of Charles Coypel, after whose death they were sold 
at auction and were purchased at a high price by the king of Prussia. 
The Leda and Venus were restored by Lyen the painter. Both are now in 
the Prussian gallery. The lo was bought by M. de Calabre, and Collins 
restored it very beautifully. There are several other fine paintings of 
Correggio in the Dresden gallery: among them is the picture known by the 
name of S¢. George, which was originally painted for the brotherhood of 
St. Peter in Modena; the St. Sebastian ; the picture of Dr. Francesco 
Grillenzoni ; and lastly the famous Magdalen, which was stolen by 
Wogaz in 1788, but was afterwards recovered. This picture, which was 
painted by way of exception on a plate of copper, is so beautiful, that it 
has been many times copied, and among others by Titian himself. In 
Spain too there are several excellent paintings by Correggio; and the great 
number of his works, all of which we cannot possibly enumerate here, 
proves how indefatigably industrious this artist must have been, for he 
lived to be only forty years old, and never, even in his great cupola pieces, 
made use of an assistant. The principal qualities by which Correggio is 
distinguished are grace, harmony, and the management of the brush. 
Correggio was unsurpassed in his knowledge of chiaroscuro, and it is 
evident that this branch of his art he must constantly have studied from full- 
rounded figures ; in aerial perspective he seems to have taken Leonardo da 
Vinci for his model; but in everything nature was the chief instructor of 
this master, who well knew how to profit by her precepts. Correggio’s pupils 
were not numerous, and none of them attained to any great celebrity. 
d. The Bolognese, Lombard, and Neapolitan Schools. Bologna is one 
of the oldest and most famous cities in Italy ; and ever since Bishop Petro- 
nius founded its renowned university under Theodosius the Younger in the 
year 432, the arts and sciences have constantly been cultivated there. The 
oldest paintings it possesses date from the year 1120 and are marked P. P. F. 
Guido da Bologna painted at the close of the same century, in 1180; 
Ventura, in 1217 and 1220; and the painter Ursone flourished in 1240. Pic- 
tures by all of them are still preserved in Bologna in the Malvezzi palace. 
Vitale, a pupil of Giotto, painted about the year 1320, and there are pictures 
by him and by his fellow pupil Lorenzo da Bologna in several places in the 
city; but the greater part of them have been whitewashed over or have 
perished in some other manner. Marco Zeppo was the instructor of Fran- 
cesco Raibolini, known by the name of Francesco Francia. He was born 
in 1450, and may be regarded as the head of the Bolognese school; for at 
the time when Vanucchi flourished in Rome, Leonardo da Vinci in Florence, 
and the Bellinis in Venice, he was the first artist in Bologna, and his works 
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