120 THE FINE ARTS. 
painting, as the handmaid of architecture, preserved. always an architec- 
tural character, even as late as the 13th century, when all other kinds of 
painting were practised without any such restriction. Of great importance 
for the history of this kind of glass-painting are the windows of the high 
choir in the Cologne cathedral, and those in the church of St. Catharine in 
Oppenheim dating from the middle of the 14th century, as also the works 
of about the same period in the nave of the Strasburg minster, most of 
which were painted by Hans von Kirchheim. From the 15th to the 17th 
century dates the most flourishing period as well as the decline of this art. 
Although in technical details it became greatly improved, its chief cha- 
racter was always that of ornament. Coated glass of different kinds came 
into use at this period, new fluxes were invented, and several colors were 
annealed on one and the same glass plate; so that a kind of cabinet-paint. 
ing arose, which represented scenes and figures from the Bible history, 
coats of arms, &c. Artists came to Germany from abroad to learn this art, 
e.g. Francesco Livi of Gambari near Volterra, who came to Libeck; glass- 
paintings by him of great perfection are still extant in Our Lady’s church 
‘in Libeck. This artist painted in 1486 the windows of the cathedral in 
Florence. Of German glass-painters of the 15th century we will mention 
Peter Acker (1460) in Noérdlingen ; Hans Kramer, who worked in 1480 on 
the cathedral and town-hall of Ulm; and Hans Wied, who worked at the 
same period on the Ulm minster. The principal family of glass-painters, 
the Hirschvogels, worked in Niirnberg, and Veit Hirschvogel painted (in 
1527) the “ margrave window” in St. Sebald’s church, in which margrave 
Frederick of Ansbach and Baireuth is portrayed with his wife and ten sons, 
after the designs of Hans von Kulmbach. This window and one furnished 
by the emperor Max, besides another by the Pfinzing family, all by the 
same master, are certainly among the finest works of the kind. Lucas 
Zeiner painted in 1503 a window for the abbess of the nunnery in Zurich ; 
and here flourished in the middle of the 16th century Josias Maurer, 
who with his son Christoph (d. 1614) distinguished himself both in composi- 
tion and drawing. Other painters of the 16th century are Hans and Claus 
Glaser, Schondorf, Hans and Georg Hebenstreit in Munich, &c. The 
finest paintings on glass are to be found in the various churches of Cologne ; 
but unfortunately it is not known by whom they were painted. The change 
in the style of architecture caused glass-painting to be dispensed with, and 
thus the art fell into disuse, although the knowledge of it was not wholly 
lost; for when in the present century it was desired to have the windows 
painted in the Regensburg minster, Sigismund Frank of Nurnberg soon 
recovered the process, and a school of glass-painting was formed in Munich 
which produces excellent things. In Prussia, Gersdorf and Mohn applied 
themselves to this branch of art; and now excellent works are produced 
chiefly in Bavaria by Hemle, Schwarz, Kirchmayer, Ainsmiller, Wehrs- 
dorfer, v. Gartner, Hoss, Hammerl, Bertram, &c., whose . performances 
greatly surpass those of earlier times in artistic composition and execution. 
Painting on glass is also practised in the porcelain manufactory of Sevres, 
but in a style inferior to that of Munich. 
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