THE ART OF DRAWING. 143 
inner corners of the eye, and the skin of the nose, and it wrinkles the skin 
of the forehead. 2. If. temporalis, raises the lower jaw. 3. IL. zygomaticus, 
draws back the corner of the mouth towards the ear and the cheek-bone. 
4. Levator labii superioris, raises the upper lip. 5. Buccinator, draws the 
cheeks and the lips towards the grinders. 6. d/asseter, raises the lower 
jaw. 7. Orbicularis labiorum, draws the lips together. 8. Sterno-cleido- 
mastoideus, springs from the upper part of the breast-bone and collar-bone, 
and ends in the mastoid process near the ear. It bends the head forwards. 9. 
Trapezius, springs from the dorsal vertebree and from the back of the head, 
and ends in the collar-bone. It draws back the head and the shoulder- 
blades. 10. Sterno-hyoideus, ascends from the breast-bone to the hyoid 
bone, and draws the hyoid bone downwards. 11. Omo-hyoideus, springs 
from the upper margin of the shoulder blade, and is inserted into the hyoid 
bone, which it draws downwards. 12. A small portion of the pectoral 
muscle (see 15). 13. Deltordeus, springs from the bone of the shoulder, 
and descends to the middle of the upper arm. It draws the arm outwards 
and upwards. 14. Latissemus dorsi, springs from the lower dorsal and the 
lumbar vertebrze, the sacrum, and the coccyx, passes obliquely forwards, and 
is attached partly to the outer ends of the four lowest ribs, and partly by 
means of a tendon to the humeral bone. It can draw the arms downwards 
and the ribs upwards. 15. Pectoralis major. Its greater portion springs 
from the outer surface of the breast-bone and the cartilages of the six upper 
ribs. 16. Its smaller portion springs from the sternal end of the collar- 
bone, and ends in the outer side of the upper part of the humerus. It 
draws the arm strongly forwards against the breast, or, if the arm be made 
fast, it draws the breast-bone towards thearm. 16. Serratus anticus major, 
springs from a number of digitations of the ribs, extending from the second 
to the ninth, then contracts, and is attached behind to the shoulder-blade, 
which it can draw forwards. When the arm is fastened it helps to enlarge 
the cavity of the breast. 17. Brachialis, is for the most part covered by 
No. 18, arises from the outer surface of the middle of the humerus, spreads 
over the outside of the elbow-joint, and is attached to the upper end of the 
ulna. It bends the arm. 18. Biceps brachw. One of its heads springs from 
the capsule of the shoulder-joint, and the other from the coracoid process of 
the shoulder-blade ; it passes down the humerus, and ends at the elbow- 
joint behind the tubercle of the radius. It helps to bend the fore-arm, and 
at the same time turns it somewbat outwards. 19. Linea alba, goes from 
the scyphoid cartilage down to the pubes, and is formed by the union of the 
tendons of some of the abdominal muscles from both sides. 20. Reetus abdo- 
minis, ascends from the pubes to the lower costal cartilages and the 
seyphoid process. It is interrupted in its course by some small tendinous 
intersections which cross the muscle. It can bend the body forwards. 22. 
The navel. 23. Obliquus externus, springs from the lowermost ribs, and 
from the haunch-bone ; it passes in a broad, thin tendon (21) over the pre- 
ceding muscles, and is attached to the linea alba. With the other abdo- 
minal muscles it effects expiration, and can turn the breast to one side. 
24. Pronator teres, springs from the inner condyle of the humerus, 
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