THE ART OF DRAWING. 151 
those of individual figures differ more or less. In drawing from nature or from 
models, the individual deviations from the normal figure must be deter- 
mined and correctly rendered in the drawing. Thereby only will the indi- 
vidual character of a given person be clearly expressed, since individuality 
is the deviation from the normal. The proportional numbers given, having 
reference partly to actual measurements in space on the body or model, in 
part to measurements of its image on the transparent plane in certain 
definite positions, must be modified, in drawing from nature, according to 
the perspective phenomena of each special case. 
1. Tae Heap. In examining the various component parts of the human 
figure, we begin with the head as the most characteristic, the rules for 
drawing whose details we will briefly lay down. 
In order to produce a correct drawing of the nose im front view, we divide 
its whole length from the root to the tip (pl. 19, figs. 13, 14) into four equal 
parts, of which one (0,1) will be required for the distance from the root to 
the point of incidence of the eye-brows, or to the beginning of the nasal 
bone; two (1,2, and 2,3) for the bridge of the nose, which is often left 
unmarked by lines; and the fourth part (8,4) for the tip and wings of the 
nose. The breadth of the nose is divided into six equal parts, of which the 
first on either side is required for the projection of the wings of the nose; 
the next on either side for the projection of the nostril; and the two middle 
ones for the projection of the rounded part of the tip of the nose, which 
however will appear to project a little below the level of the wings (marked 
by the line 4,0), since the tip, in passing towards the upper lip, is drawn 
somewhat down, as seen in the side view of a nose (jig. 15), but the proper 
tip or end of the nose lies on the line 4,0. 
_ The eye is drawn in front view most easily if we divide its height into 
four equal parts, the uppermost for the upper eyelid, and the remaining 
three for the field of vision. The middle one will then form the diameter of 
the pupil, and the two others the visible parts of the iris or apple of the eye, 
which is three parts in diameter. The length of the eye not turned to one 
side (a, b, fig. 1) is equal to twice its height; the line of direction, however, is 
not perfectly horizontal, but sinks a very little towards the nose; the eye 
too when seen from the side (jig. 2) is drawn in a little towards the bottom. 
As soon as the look is turned towards the one side or the other, the appear- 
ance of the eye is shortened; and as it is a rounded body, the lines of 
direction, which in the full front view are projections of curved lines, must 
receive their proper curve by the help of perspective, as shown in the eyes, 
Jigs. 8, 4, T,and 9. Fags. 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, and 12, exhibit the human eye in 
various positions of the features of the face, and in various directions of 
the transparent plane, and more or less closed. 
For the mouth, whose regular length is determined by drawing lines 
from the middle of the forehead touching the wings of the nose and continued 
to the line of the mouth, we divide the height for a front view, into five 
equal parts (jig. 16), two of which belong to the upper and three to the 
lower lip. /%gs.18 and 19 give a side view of the mouth, and show how 
the lower lip recedes somewhat from the line of the upper lip; hence the 
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