152 THE FINE ARTS. 
dotted perpendicular central line, when the mouth is turned to one side, 
appears not straight but curved, as shown in jig. 17. 
The contour of the ear in a front view is a somewhat obliquely lying oval 
(fig. 20), whose axes bear to each other the proportion of two to three. The 
cavity of the ear takes in a third part of its height. The ear itself is one of 
the most elaborately constructed parts of the human head, and it is neces- 
sary to study it in all possible positions and foreshortenings. igs. 21-27 
will serve as guides to the drawing of the ear in very different positions of 
the head to the transparent plane. 
If we now turn our attention to the drawing of the head as a whole, we 
have first of all to study the form of the skull. A front or straight profile 
view of the rounded part can be obtained most easily by constructing an 
oval line in the following manner: from the centre s ( pl. 20, jig. 4) describe | 
the circle 2 ve, and from t, where s ¢ — 4 s v, describe another circle u &, 
whose radius is one eighth smaller than s v. Through s draw the perpendi- 
cular line 7 g, which gives the middle line of the ear, whose height equals 
tof le. The distance from e to g we make also 4 of Je; so that Z @, the 
whole height of the head, is four times the length of the nose. The part 
eg serves to form the mouth and chin, the next third gives the length of 
the nose, the next the forehead to ie the hair begins, and the last the 
receding part of the front of the head. The lowermost portion ¢ gq is sub- 
divided into five parts, of which one fifth gives the upper lip, one fifth the 
mouth, and three fifths the chin. The line # g, which touches the middle 
of the forehead and the under lip, varies in its direction according to the 
_ different races of man. In the Caucasian race, g stands back from 6 about 
half the length of the nose; while in negroes it advances almost two thirds 
the length of the nose (jig. 7). In old men whose mouths are sunken in 
owing to the loss of the teeth (fig. 3), this line touches the point of the chin. 
In children the lower part of whose face is not yet fully developed (jig. 5), 
it does not amount to the entire length of a nose. 
In order to draw the front view 7 a face, we likewise begin by construct- 
ing the oval (jig. 7). This is effected by eee two circles, the upper 
and larger one with a diameter one and a half times the length of the nose ; 
- and the lower one, whose centre lies within the circumference of the larger 
circle, with a diameter equal to the length of the nose. In children the 
proportions are different, as represented in jig.8. When the oval has been 
drawn, we divide its breadth (p/. 21, jigs. 16 and 17) into five parts, and 
its height into four. The division of the breadth is applied as follows: the 
middle fifth gives the distance between the eyes; the two next following, 
the eyes themselves ; and the two outer ones, the part of the skull receding 
towards the temples. The division of the height is the same as described 
in speaking of the profile head. Yet we must observe here that in the 
female head the skull is somewhat flatter above, and the eye is placed a 
fifth of its height lower than in males. The breadth of the neck (pil. 21, 
fig. 16) is 1} the length of the nose; and its length (jig. 17) to the pit of 
the neck is 14 the length of the nose. 
Thus far we have spoken of the head only as presented to us in profile or 
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