THE ART OF DRAWING. 153 
en face ; and here the lines of division were projections of the curved lines 
of the form of the head, and appeared as straight. But when the head is 
turned from either of these positions, these lines exhibit to a greater or less 
extent their curved form; that is to say, when the front face is simply 
turned upwards or downwards, the horizontal dividing lines become curves, 
as in jig. 11; but if the head be turned in two directions, all the dividing- 
lines become curves. igs. 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, present a complete guide to 
the drawing of these lines of direction and explain themselves. The lower 
part of the face is given rather more in detail in jigs. 1, 2, 3,4, and 5. On 
the other hand, pl. 20, jigs. 1 and 2, show the manner of sketching heads in 
profile. Heads copied in detail from the antique are given (pl. 21, figs. 
19, 20) in profile; fig. 21 shows a head en face turned to one side; pl. 20, 
jig. 9, a child’s head in contour; and jg. 10, a similar head half shaded. 
2. Hanps anp Frer. Having given the most necessary directions for 
drawing the head we now turn our attention to the other parts of the body, 
and first of all to the hands. In order to learn to draw correctly a hand, 
open, stretched out, and parallel to the transparent plane, its whole length 
should be divided into two parts, one of which forms the fingers and the 
other the palm. The portion that forms the fingers is to be subdivided into 
12 parts, of which 7 give the length of the thumb, 10 that of the forefinger, 
12 the middle finger, 11 the ring finger, and 9 the little finger. The 
breadth of the metacarpus is equal to its length; and by dividing the latter 
into two parts, we determine the point at which the thumb begins. The 
breadth of the metacarpus divided into four parts gives that of the fingers 
at their roots; these taper towards their tips, and are each to be divided 
into three parts, of which the middle is a little larger than the lower part, 
and this latter than the part ending in the tip. The thumb has only two 
parts, as the third lies within the circumference of the metacarpus. When 
the hand is turned sideways and the fingers bent, considerable modifications 
of the given proportions will arise by perspective; and on account of its 
many diffierent parts and the very various positions they may assume with 
respect to each other, the drawing of the hand becomes very difficult, and 
we often find it out of proportion even in good pictures and by celebrated 
masters. In pl. 20, jigs. 17, 18, 20, we have given hands drawn from the 
inside; in jig. 21, two hands clasped together; and in jig. 19, an extended 
hand drawn from the outside. 7.19, jig. 36, represents the back of a hand 
with the fingers bent; jig. 33, a hand turned sideways; and jigs. 32, 34-39, 
represent hands holding various objects, and hence wholly or partially closed. 
The hands of females are in general distinguished by plumpness, while in 
those of males the sinews and muscles appear more prominently. Our 
readers will easily distinguish the male from the female hands in the 
drawings. 
The proportions of the foot may best be represented in the following 
manner. The foot is thrice as long as it is high; consequently, in order 
to draw a foot as seen directly from the side, we begin by constructing 
a rectangle of the above mentioned proportions. Then by describing from 
the lower front angle, with a radius equal to two thirds the length of the 
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