154 THE FINE ARTS. 
foot, an arc intersecting the upper boundary line of the rectangle, we obtain 
the point at which the leg joins the foot; and by describing from this same 
point an are with a radius equal to the entire length of the foot, we obtain 
the direction of the heel. The general course of the instep is given by a 
line drawn from the junction of the foot and leg to the lower angle of the 
parallelogram in front. This line, together with the heel and the base-line 
of the rectangle, marks the rectilinear general form of the profile of the foot, 
within which are the place of the ankle-bone and the curved line of the 
ends of the toes, whose precise positions must be determined by their 
appearance on the transparent plane. An upper view of the foot may be 
drawn in a similar rectangle. 
When the foot is turned about in any other position, the phenomena of 
perspective become more prominent, as well as in the foot’s motions, which 
are usually performed not on the toes but on the ball of the foot (figs. 
30, 31). A man’s feet, standing upright and seen almost directly from the 
front, are delineated in jig. 29, and a woman’s feet (those of the Venus di 
Medici), to which the remark applies that we have made above respecting 
the hands, in jig. 28. 
3. THe Entire Bopy. The first thing to be considered in drawing the 
body is the proportioning of the several parts to each other. The propor- 
tions, however, keep constantly varying until the individual has attained 
his full growth, 2. e. before his twenty-first year. The length of the head, 
or, according to other masters, that of the face, has been taken as a unit, 
with reference to which the measure of all the other parts has been deter- 
mined. Now the proportion of the head to the whole length of the body is 
different in different years. In the new-born child, the head usually com- 
prises one fourth of the entire length ; in one three years old it is one fifth 
of the length ; and in an adult it is one eighth. In a child three years old, 
like those represented in the groups in pl. 20, jigs. 11 and 12, the head is 
a fifth part of the whole length; in one of seven years it amounts to only 
two thirteenths ; while in one of twelve years it is almost one seventh. In 
a youth of seventeen the head is 4; of the length; and a full grown man 
has a length of eight heads or ten faces. In females the proportion is 
always rather less. 
The division of the body into lengths of the head is shown in pi. 21; the 
front view is given in jig. 14, and the back view in jig. 15. One head- 
length is taken up by the head, the second dividing-line passes through the 
nipples, or through the shoulder-blades at one third of their height from the 
bottom. The third goes through the navel, and the fourth through the 
share-bone. From there down to the knee are two head-lengths, and the 
remaining two head-lengths go to the legs. The arms, together with the 
hands, contain three head-lengths. All these proportions, with the variations 
they undergo in the different years of growth, must be minutely observed, 
otherwise, instead of drawing children, we shall merely represent adults on 
a small scale. The breadths in the above-mentioned figures are given in 
lengths of the face. P/. 20, jigs. 13 and 14, show the whole somewhat 
more in detail; and pl. 21, jigs. 12 and 13, show the deviations of the pro- 
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