_-~_— = — as 
174 THE FINE ARTS. 
which turns a wooden or iron cylinder, and on this the press-bed runs to and 
fro either simply by its friction or by means of a strap. The table is pre- 
pared for receiving and holding the stone securely and has attached to it a 
tympan of leather stretched over an iron frame so as to open and shut by 
means of a hinge, and which when put down covers the stone without 
touching it. Above the cylinder are two cast-iron uprights, one at each end, 
in which the scraper-box works up and down. In this is fastened the 
scraper, a small strip of yoke-elm or apple-tree wood rounded on its lower 
edge, which is about two inches high, one inch thick, and of a length equal 
to the breadth of the drawing on the stone. When the printing is to begin, 
and the stone has been fixed in its place, the bed of the press is brought out 
so far that the stone can be uncovered by raising the tympan. The stone 
is then washed perfectly clean with pure water so as to remove all the gum, 
and the black strokes of the drawing are gone over with a little spirits of 
turpentine and water. A wooden roller covered with leather to render it 
elastic is rolled on the ink-table to supply it with printing-ink, and is then 
rolled in every direction over the sponged stone. All the places that have 
been drawn upon will now take ink, but those that have been saturated with 
the gum will remain completely white. A sheet of damped paper is laid 
upon the inked stone with some sheets of waste paper upon it as an over- 
layer, and then the leather tympan is shut down. The press-bed is now 
brought under the scraper, the latter is pressed down upon the stone with 
the proper degree of force, and the bed is slowly drawn along under the 
steady pressure of the scraper, until the scraper has passed over the 
whole of the design and the impression is finished. The scraper is then 
raised, the bed run out again, the tympan lifted, the overlay taken off, and 
the paper cautiously raised from the stone; and if the work has been well, 
carefully, and neatly performed, a successful copy of the drawing will be 
found upon it. The stone is again moistened with a soft sponge, the ink- 
roller pressed over it,-another impression taken, and so on. When the 
printing is finished and the stone is laid by to be used again, it is first care- 
fully cleaned, and then rolled in with a very greasy ink called preserving- 
ink, and afterwards coated with gum-solution, which is dried upon it. 
If mistakes are made in the drawing, they must be neatly erased with the 
scraper (pl. 22, figs. 14 and 15), without taking any more from the stone 
than is absolutely necessary, after which the correction is introduced. If 
during the printing an alteration is to be made, the place is erased, the 
correction introduced, and then it is etched in when quite dry with a small 
pencil dipped in diluted nitric acid; the place is then gummed, and after 
a short time the printing is again proceeded with. 
The pen-manner demands a great deal of labor and pains, if the drawing 
is to be executed with the requisite fineness and sharpness; because the 
greasy ink, in spite of all the precautions that may be taken, is sure to 
spread somewhat, and the ink, if it has the proper degree of greasiness, 
flows with difficulty from the pen. Hence another mode has been invented 
called, 
2. Taz Engraving Manner. This is strictly speaking the reverse of the 
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