GRAPHICS. 175 
pen-manner. In this method the nicely ground and polished stone is first 
etched and then coated with a layer of gum: thus prepared, if the roller 
were pressed over it, it would take no ink at all. When the stone has been 
washed off, it is next covered by the aid of a brush with an exceedingly fine 
coating of gum colored with red chalk or lamp-black ; and as soon as the stone 
is dry, the drawing is sketched out. The artist then takes what are called 
engraving-points of the finest steel, which are ground sharp or blunt at the 
point; and with these he etches the drawing in the same manner as on 
copper-plate, taking care, however, not to go too deep into the stone. It is 
quite enough if he removes the coating of gum under the lines of the draw- 
ing, and the stroke appears perfectly white and makes a little dust. Broad 
spaces must be scraped perfectly level. It must be borne in mind that the 
light strokes on the dark ground seem broader than they really are, so that 
in the impression, where they show black on a white ground, they will be 
smaller. Consequently the artist is to make his strokes rather broader 
than would seem necessary. In this respect experience alone can serve as a 
guide. When the etching is completed and its effect ascertained, the entire 
stone is gone over either with linseed oil or with diluted preserving-ink, 
which is allowed to stand on it about half a minute. As it has all been 
prepared excepting the parts that have been laid bare, it follows that these 
only will take the grease, which the stone absorbs with great avidity. If 
the stone be now washed off and the inking-roller passed over it, all the 
greasy places will take ink, the rest remaining white. The stone can now 
be printed as if drawn with the pen; the impression, however, as well as the 
overlayer must be somewhat stronger than in the pen-manner. As the 
engraved drawing lies a little below the general surface of the stone, and 
hence does not readily take the ink from the roller, it is usual to rub it 
over well with pieces of felt or with blocks of wood covered with cloth, 
and to make the ink pretty thin. 
3. Tae Cuatk Manner. This method furnishes the best imitation of 
chalk-drawing on paper: but it requires great care both in the drawing and 
in the management of the printing; and it is necessary that the printer also 
should be an artist and understand drawing in the case of large and carefully 
executed works. For this as for other methods the stone is nicely ground 
and polished ; fine sand is then sifted over the stone; and by grinding in the 
usual manner, a coarse or fine grain is given to the surface, as the nature of 
the drawing may require. A drawing made on a coarse grain will furnish 
not as fine but many more good impressions; while a stone more finely 
grained will furnish much more delicate impressions, but their number will 
be considerably less. A finely-grained stone, too, requires in the drawing, 
and particularly in the printing, very careful management. 
The stone having been grained and very carefully cleaned, the drawing 
is put on it in the same manner as on paper by means of a chemical chalk, 
whose chief constituents are almost the same, only in different proportions, 
as in lithographic ink. It is customary to lay on the deepest shades, 
in order to obtain greater effect, with lithographic ink and the pencil. The 
design when completed is etched in rather more lightly than a pen-drawing ; 
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