MUSIC AND THE DRAMA. 177 
the proper colored bronze. Prussian blue is printed as a ground for ultra- 
marine, which is then dusted upon it. In order that the color-stones may 
accurately fit one another, certain marks (points) are applied, according to 
which the paper is laid on. In the new and improved lithographic presses 
a pointing apparatus is used, which enables the printer to adjust the sheets 
with greater accuracy and expedition. 
6. Avrograpuy. If drawings and especially writings in which no great 
elegance is required are to be very quickly multiplied, so that the prepara- 
tion of a stone with the pen or the graver is out of the question, recourse is 
had to autography. In this process the drawing or writing is made with 
a very greasy lithographic ink on paper prepared for the purpose and 
coated with a thin layer of starch paste; and this when dry is pressed 
upon the smoothly polished stone. The mode of doing it is to damp the 
drawn or written paper on the back and let it soak in a little; then, the 
stone having been slightly warmed, the paper is laid upon it, care being 
taken not to move the paper after it has touched the stone; after which it 
is passed through the press, as in taking an impression, several times, each 
time increasing the pressure. The paper, which now cleaves fast to the 
stone, is wet with a sponge dipped in water acidified with a few drops of 
nitric acid, until it is loosened from the stone. If the paper then be care- 
fully raised, it will be found that the writing or drawing has separated from 
the paper and attached itself to the stone. When the stone has become 
perfectly dry, it is slightly etched and gummed, and then it can be printed 
from in the same manner as a pen-drawing. 
There are many different lithographic processes in addition to those here 
described, as machine-work, relief-work, pencil-work, brush-work, white 
ornaments on a black or machine-ruled ground, &c.; but, as it is not our 
intention to compose a manual of lithography, a fuller description of them 
would lead us too far. 
Ill. MUSIC AND THE DRAMA. 
1. Music. 
We have already shown, in the general introduction to this department 
of our work (p. 2), that music belongs to the domain of art, and in par- 
ticular to the fine arts; and here we may add that music is the art of 
expressing conditions and emotions of the soul by means of beautiful tones : 
its works are not submitted to our contemplation through the sense of sight ; 
its effects are produced directly on the mind, and hence it is a purely 
mental art, of whose operation the understanding can give no account. In 
one sense it stands higher than poetry and higher than plastics and paint- 
ing: on the one hand it expresses feelings and yearnings to which no words 
can be given, and is a sort of universal speech of the heart; and on the 
other hand it has the advantage over sculpture and painting, which repre- 
ICONOGRAPHIC ENCYCLOPADIA.—VOL, IV, 36 561 
