MUSIC AND THE DRAMA. 193 
and secured with the wedge ec (fig. 15). By these gudgeons the shaft rests on 
its bearers; although when it is long, it is supported at one or more places 
in the middle. In order to facilitate its working, metal friction-wheels (pi. 
26, fig. 20, bird’s-eye view, and jig. 21 end view) are everywhere employed. 
Between the ends of the drum there are several other disks for the support 
of the laths or staves which form the mantle of the drum ; and strong ends 
of rope with rings are fastened inside to the shaft and pass out through the 
mantle, to which the halliards are fastened by means of spring hooks. In 
the middle floor ( pl. 25, jig. 13) the drum-shaft runs along the middle over 
the other shafts; and these drums serve the purpose of shifting the panels 
of the stage or of working the tackle for the ascent of objects out of the 
ground. Several drums are also placed on the rigging-floors, but of different 
diameters, which serve for raising the drop-scenes and borders, for wafting 
cars and persons through the air, &c. The diameter of these drums must 
be accurately adapted to the distance which the drop-scenes, &c., have to 
go in a certain time and in a certain number of revolutions. The drums 
which are placed in the rigging-loft, and which mostly serve to control the 
motions of the counter-weights of the drops, need not be of any great 
breadth, as the rope of the counter-weight is merely passed once or twice 
round the drum in order to increase the friction, so that its motion may be 
quickly checked. But while the shaft below the stage, by means of a rope 
passed over its cylinder, moves all the drums at once, here each one is moved 
separately, and consequently each must be provided with a wheel and hand- 
spikes. 42g. 30 exhibits such a windlass-frame from the side, and jig. 29 
from the front ; dis the wheel, and g the cylinder round which the rope of 
the counter-weight is. passed. In jig. 28 the construction of the wheel is 
shown. /%g. 27 shows the fastening of the frame to the floor of the flies. 
We have stated above that loops furnished with rings are attached to 
the drops, by means of which they are suspended to the hooks of the tie- 
beams (pl. 26, jig. 17) when not in use. When a drop-scene is to be 
made use of, lines which are of properly adjusted lengths and furnished 
with spring-hooks, are made fast to these loops. Each of these lines 
before it reaches the halliards goes up to the collar-beam and over 
the roller e in the roller-case 6 (jig. 16), which is fastened to the 
beam @; so that these lines can never get entangled, although their length 
equals the entire height of the drop-scenes. Such roller-cases are distri- 
buted all along the collar-beams, as shown in jig. 18; similar ones too are 
required for the borders, although these (jig. 19) may be of a much lighter 
construction. 
In order to cause objects to ascend through the trap-doors, another contriv- 
ance must be added to the carriages (pl. 26, fig. 2. 4  ); for in that case the 
frames are to be elevated while the carriages remain under the stage. For 
this purpose the uprights of the carriages have a head-piece attached to 
them, of which pl. 25, jig. 31, shows a front, fig. 32 a vertical, and pi. 26, 
jig. 12, aside view. The uprights have in them a deep dovetail-shaped 
groove, in which a sliding-rail moves up and down, and on this the piece 
is fastened. In the inside of the groove there are two channels, one on 
ICONOGRAPHIC ENCYCLOP&PIA.—VOL. IV. 87 577 
