HYDRAULIC ENGINES. 61 
to the desired elevation: the conical joints of the pieces are seen in the 
figure. It would be preferable to have a valve at the inclined junction-pipe 
é, in order to relieve the valve /’ from the pressure of the water in r. The 
water is discharged at the spout 7. Nis a second spout provided with a screw, 
on which a hose may be screwed to convey the water to a distant point. 
Pl. 13, fig. 7, represents a pump of superior construction in the mine 
Huelgoat, in Normandy. The plunger p in its upward motion lifts the 
water through s 1’, and 1, and the lift-valve s’ into the lift-pipe B; during its 
downward motion the water is forced up from the reservoir B’, through the 
suction-pipe a, by the pressure of the air, raising the valve s. The cylinder 
c is of bronze, open below, and provided at the top with a stuffing-box for 
the piston-rod x. The packing of the plunger P is shown in jigs. 8 and 9, 
consisting of a leather ring pressed outwards by the eight sectors, 7, and the 
springs, 7’. The valve-box consists of the two portions i and t’, the upper one 
of which is fitted to the lift-pipe at vv’ and has a vent at 7’; and the lower 
one connects with the cylinder by the pipe T, and has a vent at vr. The 
valves s and s’ are conical or puppet valves. 
When the pump is to be put in operation the lift-pipe is brought into 
communication with the suction-pipe by opening the cocks ww’ w'’ of the 
bent tube p, and water is poured into the pump, the valves zz’ at the 
bottom of the suction-pipe preventing its escape. The confined air is 
allowed to escape by the vent w, the cocks ww’ w’ are closed, and the pump 
is ready for action. 
A pump by Letestu of Paris, which differs from those heretofore 
described in the construction of the valves and piston, is represented in jigs. 
10,11, and 12. The latter shows the construction of the suction-valve, 
which consists of the disk, a, perforated by a great many holes, and covered 
by a leather disk, a, which is fastened by the screw, 6. During the ascent 
of the bucket the leather disk is raised up by the pressure of the water 
admitting it into the cylinder, while during the downward stroke it is 
pressed firmly upon the disk, ce, closing the openings. The bucket (jg. 11) 
consists of a perforated funnel with a loose conical leather-cap, d, which in 
the upward stroke is pressed against the sides of the funnel and of the 
cylinder, and thus makes a perfect packing. The lift-valve, J, is of the 
same construction as «, and the packing of the piston-rod, p, is also effected 
by a leather funnel, e. 
2. Taz Hypraviic Ram. 
The Aydraulic ram is a machine designed to make use of water-power 
when with a considerable elevation or head of water the supply is so small 
as not to suffice for the turning of wheels. The mechanical effect is pro- 
duced by the pressure of a high column of water confined in a pipe upon 
a piston, and the momentum it accumulates in descending a certain distance. 
The essential parts of the machine are, besides the main-pipe, a cylinder 
with the driving piston, and an arrangement of self-acting alternating valves, 
ICONOGRAPHIC ENCYCLOP£DIA.—VOL, IV. 4] 641, 
