COTTON MANUFACTURE. 79 
stand the play of a cylinder card against its flat top, or against another 
cylinder card, the respective teeth being in what we may call the teasing 
position (jig. 11), and also the play of a cylinder card against the doftter 
cylinder, in what may be called the stripping position (jig. 10). Generally 
one carding is not sufficient for long-stapled wool. In order to produce the 
requisite lightness and parallelism of fibre, the cotton is twice carded; first 
in what is technically called a breaker, and afterwards through the finisher. 
The card cloth is placed upon cylinders or plane surfaces, the latter being 
at rest and the former revolving in contact with them. Sometimes large 
cylinders work against the surfaces of small ones moving with less velocity 
than the large ones. /%gs. 12, 18, and 14, represent a carding machine 
combining both the above systems in one; jig. 12 is a longitudinal section ; 
jig. 13, a view of the end from which the carded cotton leaves the machine ; 
and jig. 14, an end view in which the principal wheelwork for the motion 
of the machine is shown. 
A is the main card drum, consisting of parallel segments of mahogany 
secured by screws to iron rings made fast to the axle. Upon each of these 
segments is nailed a strip of card cloth, the length of which is equal to the 
width of the drum. The direction of the card teeth is apparent from the 
figures. BB are parallel segments of mahogany, resting at their ends upon 
the heads of screws, 6 6, upon the frame, c, of the machine, and maintained 
in their places by pins passing through their ends. The interior surface of 
these segments is covered with stripes of card cloth, and they are then 
called top jlat cards ; their distance from the drum, 4, is regulated at each 
end by the set screws, 6.4, which arrangement is seen in jig. 14. Db, 5, F, 
@, are rollers covered with narrow strips of card cloth running spirally from 
end to end. These small cylinders, called runners, urchins, or workers, 
revolve in supports, d, ¢, 7, g, which are furnished with set screws for the 
purpose of adjusting the distance of these small cylinders from the main card 
cylinder. Atuare two fluted cast-iron feeding rollers pressed together by a 
screw; / is a feeding table which conducts the fleece to the feeding rollers as 
it is given off from the lap roller by the friction of the revolving roller, x. 
The first cylinder card or runner, p, moves slower than the main card drum, 
takes the fibres from the feeding rollers, and is therefore called the lécker-an ; 
these fibres are immediately stripped off by the main drum to be again 
drawn out by the second roller, z, which revolves slower than p, and serves 
to take the knots of uncarded fibres off the main cylinder, and carry them 
round and transfer them to the licker-in, p, with which it is almost in con- 
tact, which again transfers them to the main cylinder with the fresh cotton 
from the feeding rollers. The knots or bunches which escape the two first rol- 
lers, p and 8, are seized by the fourth roller, ¢, which lies nearer to the mai: 
cylinder, and revolves with the same velocity as the runner x. The knots 
caught by G are drawn out again by the roller Fr, also called a stripper frou) 
the office its performs, which travels faster than eG, but not so fast as the main 
cylinder. From F the fibres are again transferred to the main drum, which 
carries them forward and draws them again a second time over the runner. 
Should any uncarded knots still remain they are stopped by the first flat 
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