COTTON MANUFACTURE. 81 
through the wheel, 5. A band from the axle of this cylinder drives the 
workers & and @ as shown by the dotted lines in jig. 12. Upon the other 
end of the axle of the doffer is a bevel pinion, 6, which by means of thie 
oblique axle, u, and the bevel gearing, 7 and 8, drives the lower feeding roller. 
From this feeding roller, by means of an intermediate wheel, 9, motion is 
communicated to the roller x, which unwinds the lap roller1. The wheel, 2, 
already mentioned, drives another wheel below it, 11, and a pulley upon the 
same axle; from which pulley motion is communicated to the drawing 
rollers at n (jig. 14). 
The axle g has upon one end two wheels, one of which drives both pairs 
of drawing-rollers, 7 and m ; the other drives a larger wheel upon one of 
the rollers, £, so that this pair has a slower motion than the others; 7 and m 
move with nearly the same velocity ; m, being slightly larger than J, has a 
somewhat greater surface motion. That the two rollers m may run together, 
they are connected together by small wheels, 7. 
As before mentioned, in most manufactories the cotton passes successively 
through two carding-machines, the breaker and the finisher; this is parti- 
cularly the case with that destined for fine work. /%g. 15 is an end view, 
jig. 16 a plan of a fine carder or finisher. 
2. Tae Drawinc-FRAME. 
We turn now to another operation, the principles of which differ essen- 
tially from those of the former. It has for its object to draw out and 
lengthen the loose ribands of cotton furnished by the carding-machine, and 
also to complete, as far as possible, the parallelism of the fibres. This 
operation, the drawing and doubling, is pertormed by rotary drawing | 
rollers, and is a very important step in the process of spinning. Upon this 
principally depends the uniformity of the cotton, as many ends are united 
in one and the faults of each are lost in the crowd. The drawing, when 
properly executed, completely does away with all these faults. 
Pl. 17, figs. 17-20, represent a drawing-frame of the most approved 
construction; jig. 17 is an end and jig. 18 a front view ; jig. 19 a section of 
the working parts of the machine upon a larger scale, and jig. 20 shows. 
the manner in which the upper rollers press upon the lower ones. 
A is the frame, upon the strong cross-timbers, B, of which the drawing- 
rollers are placed, as seen in jig. 18; © is a horizontal axle furnished with 
pulleys, p, which drive the drawing-rollers. In jig. 19, abe are the lower, 
a’ b' c' the upper drawing-rollers. The former run in composition-boxes in 
an iron frame, d. 
The bearer of the first roller, r, is stationary, but the two others are 
adjustable, and can be brought more or less near to each other and the 
forward rollers, according to the length or staple of the cotton to be operated 
upon. The length of the upper rollers is equal to that of two fluted portions 
of the under rollers, as seen in fig. 18, and the upper rollers run with their 
necks in boxes, which are adjustable like the bearings of the under rollers. 
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