COTTON MANUFACTURE. 99 
upon the cloth-beam ny. The delivery of the yarn is regulated, and the 
warp threads are kept at a uniform tension, by friction produced by a cord 
with weights attached to it passing round the beam 1. 
The cloth-roller x bears upon one of its iron axes prolonged, the toothed- 
wheel, a, which works into a pinion, ~ (seen in dotted lines, fig. 7), upon 
the axis of the ratchet-wheel 6. Hence if the latter be turned gradually 
by the motion of the lay, as before explained, the cloth-beam wn will be 
revolved very slowly, and thus take up the woven cloth. 
The heddles, through the loops of which the warp threads pass (one half 
through each), are connected together by straps, passing over pulleys, ¢, at 
the top of the machine in such a manner as to balance each oben, the 
descent of one drawing the other up. At the bottom they are connected 
to two bars, u and vy, which are secured by rods, 0 0’, to two treddles, PP”, 
turning on a pivot at w. These treddles are alternately depressed by the 
cams 0 0” upon the revolving shaft ©, and thus the heddles are alternately 
raised and depressed, and the warp threads opened to form the shed or 
angular opening between the threads seen at r (jig. 6), through which the 
shuttle passes to carry the woof thread. 
Pl. 19, jigs. 10 and 11, represent the jaw-temples, which serve to keep 
the cloth distended to its full width during the operation of weaving ; these 
temples are attached one on each side of the loom, and consist of spring 
pincers, which seize the selvage of the cloth immediately in front of the 
point where it is woven. At each beat of the lay the movable jaw of the 
temple is opened to permit the cloth to pass the small amount made by the 
one thread, beat up, and the instant the lay recedes the jaws grip the cloth 
again, and hold it distended until the lay beats up again. 
8. FouisHiInc AND BLEACHING. 
The first operation in the finishing of cotton goods is bleaching, which is 
not so tedious as with linen, as the cotton is but slightly colored. The size, 
which was put upon the chain threads before weaving, is first soaked off in 
warm water, in which the cotton is allowed to remain thirty-six or forty- 
eight hours, or until a sort of fermentation takes place; it is then washed 
in running water, and bleached either by exposure to the sun or with 
chlorine. 
The cotton is first singed by passing it quickly over the surface of a red- 
hot iron, to free the surface from loose fibres. Pl. 19, jigs. 12 and 18, 
represent the singing-oven: @ is the oven door; 8, the fire-grate; c, the 
ash-pit; d@, the fine. dn light goods, muslins, &c., the flame of alcohol or 
of gas is sometimes used. The cotton then goes to the wash-wheel, repre- 
sented in plan in pl. 19, fig. 15; jig. 14a is a portion of the front side, and 
jig. 146 a view of a portion of the back of the wheel. This wheel makes 
about twenty revolutions per minute. A constant stream of clear water is 
admitted through a tube at 2, the dirty water passing off through holes in 
the case A; f are openings to admit the goods; m is a cog-wheel by which 
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