148 Beene TECHNOLOGY. 
2. Live Stock. 
A proper choice of stock is a matter of much importance. Whether the 
most improved or the common breeds are to be selected, depends upon 
climate, soil, and other circumstances. Good, sufficient food, shelter from 
the severity of the weather, and faithful attendants, are indispensably 
necessary to the thriving of all farm stock. 
A. The Horse. 
We shall here treat of the horse as a farming animal, and refer to the 
article Zoology, in the second volume of this work, for a scientific descrip- 
tion of him, which would be out of place here. PJ. 31, jig. 19, represents 
the skeleton of the horse with the outline of his form ; jig. 18, the appear- 
ance of the same immediately beneath the skin; jig. 21, a side view of the 
bones of the head ; jig. 20, a top view of the same; jig. 30, a healthy knee- 
joint of the hind leg; jig. 31, the ligaments and blood-vessels of the same; 
Jig. 82, the healthy bone, and jig. 83, a spavined bone of the same joint; 
fig. 84, the hoof of a five-year-old mare not yet shod; jy. 35, the same 
after having been shod a year; jig. 36, a section of the fore hoof, and fig. 37, 
a section of the hind hoof. 
As the age of a horse is determined by the condition and appearance of 
the teeth, it becomes necessary to observe these closely. 
They are divided into incisors, tushes, and grinders. In the full-grown 
horse there are twelve incisors, six in each jaw; the two front incisors, aa 
(fig. 24 a), are popularly called nippers or gatherers ; the two next adjoin- 
ing, bb (fig. 24 a), separators, or middle teeth ; and the outer, the corners, 
or corner teeth, ¢ (jig. 27a). The tushes are between the incisors and 
grinders, dd (jig. 25a). The horse has also twenty-four grinders, twelve 
in each jaw. There is, besides these, another or temporary set of teeth, 
called milk teeth ; some of these are apparent at birth, others are developed 
in the first years afterwards. The horse is foaled with six molar or grinding 
teeth in each jaw; the twelfth day after the two front nippers appear above 
and below, and in fifteen days the two intermediate; the corner ones are 
not cut till three months after. At ten months the incisors are on a level 
with each other, and have a very sensible cavity ; at twelve months this 
cavity becomes smaller (pl. 31, jig. 22), and the animal shows four molar 
teeth on each side above and below, three of the temporary or colt’s, and 
one horse tooth; at eighteen months the cavity in the nippers is filled up, 
and there are five grinders, two of the horse and three of the colt’s ; at two 
years (fig. 23) the first of the colt’s molar teeth in each jaw are displaced, 
and the cavities in the corner teeth are not yet quite filled up; at two years 
and a half or three years, the front nippers fall and give place to the per- 
manent ones; at three and a half the middle nippers are likewise removed, 
at which period the second milk molar also falls (pl. 31, jig. 24a), and 
the four corner teeth continue to protrude themselves more and more 
( fig. 24 6). 
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