AGRICULTURE. 149 
At four the horse has six molar teeth, five of his new set and one of his 
last; the corner colt’s tooth, seen from the side, has become very small 
(jig. 25 6); at four and a half years these corners are replaced by the per- 
manent teeth, and the last temporary grinder disappears. At five years 
the principal indications are found on the corner teeth and tushes; the 
corner teeth have their inner and outer edges upon a level, and the tushes 
are developed (jigs. 26a and 26 6); at five and a half they are completely 
out, and the internal wall of the upper nippers, which was before but incom- 
pletely formed, is now on a level with the rest; at this period the nippers 
or incisors have all of them a cavity formed in the substance between the 
inner and outer walls, and it is the disappearance of this that marks the 
age; at six years those in the front nippers below are filled up, while the 
cavities in the corner teeth are still deep, the tushes well grown, and their 
points more or less worn off (jigs. 27 @ and 27 6). At seven years the mark 
or cavity in the nippers is filled up, and the tushes are a little more worn 
(jigs. 28 @ and 286). It often occurs, however, that there is a depression 
in the cavity of the nippers, and also, in the middle teeth, no real cavity, 
but a slight brown depression. At eight years the cavities have entirely 
disappeared, and the tushes are still more worn ( jigs. 29a and 296); at 
this period the horse is said to be aged and to have lost his mark, but 
among good judges the teeth still present sufficient indications. At nine 
years old the groove in the tushes is nearly worn away, and the nippers 
become rather rounded; at ten these appearances are still stronger; at 
twelve the tushes only exhibit a rounded stump, the nippers push for- 
ward, become yellow, and as age advances appear triangular and usually 
uneven. There are also other indications of great age in the horse, such 
as rough, uneven hoofs. J. 31, jigs. 38 to 47, show the foot of the horse 
in several diseased forms; spavin, windgall, malanders, ring-bone, elub- 
foot, &e. 
B. Neat Cattle. 
The raising of neat cattle is an important branch of husbandry, even con- 
sidered independently of the usefulness of the ox as a beast of burden. The 
flesh and the milk, either in its natural state or in the form of butter and 
cheese, serve as food, the hide and other portions of the animal as articles 
of commerce. From the wild ox of Europe have descended many varieties, 
much modified by taming or cultivation. We shall figure a few of the 
most noted of these varieties: pl. 31, jig. 2, is a Swabian cow; jig. 4, a 
Sussex bull; jig. 5, a Sussex cow; jig. 6, a Herefordshire cow; jig. 7, 
a Devonshire ox, and jig. 8, a Kiloe ox; jig. 1 is a Swiss cow of the moun- 
tain race; jig. 8 is a Swiss bull. This latter race is of medium size, not 
remarkable for its fattening qualities, but superior milkers. 
The ox is very generally used as a beast of burden. When an animal is 
stubborn and refuses to pull, he should be yoked to a heavy weight, as seen 
in pl. 32, fig. 1, in such a position that in order to reach the food trough he 
must haul up the weight, and thus he becomes gradually accustomed to the 
strain upon his shoulders. The question of the relative profit of the horse 
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