HUNTING AND FISHING. 157 
They often fly away, even those that are best trained. When this occurs 
the falconer throws up a lure (pl. 33, jig. 49), which is an imitation of a 
bird, or merely two wings fastened together; or even a live pigeon is made 
use of in order to bring back the wanderer to the proper course. Herons, 
cranes, buzzards, crows, pies, hares, ducks, partridges, and quails, may be 
hunted with hawks. Falconry has never been practised to any great 
extent in North America, though some American falcons, the duck hawk 
and pigeon hawk (Falco peregrinus and columbarws), might be usefully 
employed. 
B. Practical Hunting. 
In order to convert a heath or forest into convenient hunting ground it is 
divided into exact squares by means of alleys intersecting 900 paces from 
each other, the distance ascertained to be the best. On each quadrangle 
six toils of cloth or some other stuff are needed, being part of the apparatus 
of hunting practised in artistic style. On pl. 33, jigs. 1 and 2, are exhibited 
toils of the ordinary description, which should be ten feet in height each, 
and 150 paces in length, calculating three feet to a pace. Two breadths of 
linen usually reach to a height of nine feet, to the upper edge of which a 
network one foot high is attached, the meshes of which are made of strong 
twine or packthread. A strong cord is sewed to the top and bottom of the 
cloth, and furnished with short sticks and rings. When network is not 
used, a very broad cord, or rather binding, is attached. /2g. 3 exhibits a 
rolling or drawing toil, which is almost indispensable in many cases, as, for 
instance, in hunting wild boars. A toil of this description is disposed (as 
shown in the figure) across the place through which it is supposed the game 
will pass, in case any should be driven out of the woods. When the animal 
has passed through, the toil is stretched out. Several poles belong toa 
drawing toil. 
Nets of different descriptions have been in use for a longer period of time 
than toils. Nets for stags are much stronger than those employed in the 
capture of smaller game. /%g. 6 exhibits a deer-net of this description. 
Tossing nets (jig. 5) are called also mirror nets because the threads cross 
each other at right angles. The meshes are six or seven inches square. 
Boar-nets are only half as high as stag-nets, and those used for taking roes 
are likewise somewhat lower, the rope being of the thickness of a quill, and 
the width of the meshes four inches. Wolf and hare nets are also used; 
the latter, however, are lower, with meshes of three inches square. ows 
of patches are also employed for the same purposes. The patches (jig. 4) 
are about three quarters of a yard square, and, that they may blind more 
readily in the dark and in the forests, which is the only end in view, consist 
of bleached linen or cotton cloth. In cases where the apparatus employed 
in the more artistic kind of hunting is not sufficient, the patches come into 
use ; and when they are not placed too near, and the game is not too tightly 
entangled, the animal prefers receiving the shot to passing through the 
patches. Besides the cloth rags, bunches of feathers (fig.,7) are very useful. 
The latter are composed of feathers of birds of prey, amongst which those 
ICONOGRAPHIC ENCYCLOPAZDIA.—VOL, IV. 47 137 
