BOTANY. 25 
rest; carinary, where the carina performs a similar office. Calyx and corolla 
sometimes exhibit (different sestivation. 
The Catyx is the external envelope of the flower, and consists of whorled 
leaves, called sepals. These may either be separate, forming a polysepalous 
calyx, or united, to constitute a gamosepalous, or monosepalous calyx. The 
sepals are usually green, sometimes colored, rarely stalked; in shape, they 
are generally oval or oblong. As to direction, they are erect, reflexed, 
patulous, or divergent (spreading outwards), and connivent or arched 
inwards. <A ¢trisepalous calyx has three divisions: a pentasepalous, five, 
&e. 
In a gamosepalous calyx the degrees of adhesion between the elementary 
parts may vary from very slight to complete. The divisions may be simple 
‘teeth, or they may extend as fissures towards the base. A ¢rifid calyx is 
one in which three parts are united by about the lower half of the margins ; 
a tripartite is one where only the lower part of the edges is so united. 
The calyx may also be quadrifid, quadripartite, quinquifid, quinquepartite, 
&c. The adhesion is sometimes irregular, some parts uniting to a greater 
extent than others; in this manner may be formed a two-lipped or labiate 
calyx, which becomes ringent when the upper lip is arched. The part 
formed by the union of the sepals is called the tube ; the free upper portion, 
the limb. : 
Occasionally a flower is provided with a double calyx, the outer of which 
is called epicalyx, or calicle. The calyx, again, may degenerate, so as to 
become dry, scaly, and glumaceous; or it may be obsolete or marginate, 
existing only asa mere rim. In some families, as Dipsacee, the tube of the 
calyx adheres to the pistil, and the limb is developed in the form of hairs, 
called pappus. The pappus is either simple (pélose) or feathery (pluamose). 
When the calyx falls off before the flower expands, it is caducous ; or if the 
corolla accompany it, deciduows. Sometimes the tube of the calyx is 
united to the pistil, and enlarges with it to form part of the fruit, as in the 
apple. A persistent calyx, which increases after flowering, is called 
accrescent ; it may, again, remain withered or marcescent, or become inflated 
or vesicular. 
Corotia. The corolla is that more or less colored inner floral envelope 
between the calyx and the stamens. The free subdivisions, which are gen- 
erally disposed in one or more whorls, are called petals. A petal frequently 
exhibits two parts; a claw or unguis, a narrowed part by which attachment 
is made to the axis, and a broad expanded portion above this, called the 
lamina, or limb. When there is no claw the petal is sessile. 
Petals, in their modifications, exhibit a considerable rosemblance to ordinary 
leaves, in having the margin either entire or indented. A single petal may 
be bipartite or bifid, &c. When a petal is folded like a boat, it is cymbiform 
or navicular; cochleariform, when resembling the bowl of a spoon. When a 
petal is prolonged backwards, in the form of a spur, it is calcarate. When 
the spur is very short and rounded the petal is gibbows. 
When but a single petal is present, the rest being abortive, the flower is 
unipetalous ; two, three, four, five, &c., petals constitute a di-, tri-, tetra-, or 
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