j4 BOTANY. 
be either dry or succulent, according as the pericarp remains more or less 
folaceous in structure, or becomes fleshy or pulpy. Fruits which open 
when ripe to discharge the seeds are dehiscent; otherwise they are 
indehiscent. An indehiscent apocarpous fruit may contain but one seed, 
and is then monospermous. The acheniwm is a dry monospermous fruit, 
the pericarp of which is closely applied to the fruit, but separable from it. 
It may be solitary (single) or aggregate (several achenia placed on a 
common receptacle). The aggregate achzenia of the rose are known as the 
cynarrhodum.  Achenia are caudate when the styles remain attached. 
The fruit of Composite, sometimes called cypsela, is an acheenium united to 
the tube of the calyx. When the pericarp is thin, and surrounds the seed 
hike a bladder, the achznium becomes a wtricle. When the pericarp is 
extended in the form of a winged appendage, the achenium becomes a 
samara. When the pericarp is inseparably united with the seed the fruit 
becomes a caryopsis. The nut is a one-celled fruit, with a hardened 
pericarp, surrounded by bracts at the base, as on the hazelnut, which, 
besides, is enveloped by leafy appendages, forming the husk or hull. The 
drupe is a succulent fruit, the pericarp consisting of epicarp, mesocarp, 
and endocarp, and when mature containing a single seed, as in the 
peach. 
Deniscent ApocArRpous fruits may consist either of a few seeds only 
(oligospermous), or the seeds may be numerous (polyspermous). The first 
fruit to be mentioned under this head is the follicle, which is a mature carpel, 
containing several seeds, and opening by the ventral suture. The legume, or 
pod, is a solitary, simple carpel, dehiscing by the ventral and dorsal suture, 
the seeds being borne on the former. Sometimes the legume is contracted at 
intervals, including each seed in a separate cell, which separates from its 
neighbor when ripe. This constitutes the lomentum. 
INDEHISCENT Syncarpous Fruits. The berry (bacca) is a succulent 
fruit, in which the seeds are immersed in a pulpy mass, formed by the 
placentas, as in the gooseberry. ‘The pepo, or peponida, as in the pumpkin or 
melon, is composed of about three carpels, forming a three-celled indehiscent 
fruit with parietal placente. The hesperidiunv, seen in the orange, is a berry 
having a pericarp separable into an epicarp, an endocarp, and a sarcocarp, 
the endocarp sending prolongations inwards, forming triangular divisions in 
which pulpy cells are developed, so as to surround the seeds. The balausta 
has the seeds arranged irregularly on the backs of the cells, with the carpels 
inclosed within a tough rind. The pome is a fleshy fruit, with the calyx 
adherent, and in connexion with the epicarp and mesocarp, forming a thick 
cellular edible mass; the endocarp forms separate horny cells, inclosing the 
seeds; e. g. the apple. 
DrenIscENT Syncarpous Fruits. By capsule is meant all dry syncarpous 
fruits opening by valves or pores. When the capsule opens by a lid it is 
called a pyxidium. The siliqua consists of two carpels fastened together, 
the placentze of which are parietal and separate from the valves, remaining 
in the form of a replum, and connected by a membraneous expansion. 
When the fruit is long and narrow, it is called a siliqua ; when short and 
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