BOTANY. 35 
broad, silcula. When the replum, which consists of two lamelle, exhibits 
perforations, it is called fenestrate. | 
Multiple, or anthocarpous fruits, are those in which the floral envelopes, 
with the ovaries of several flowers, are united into one. Among these may 
be mentioned the sorosis, a multiple fruit, formed by an united spike of 
‘flowers which becomes succulent. Thus the pineapple is composed of 
numerous ovaries, floral envelopes, and bracts, united into one succulent 
mass. The synconus is an anthocarpous fruit, in which the axis or ex- 
tremity of the peduncle is hollowed, so as to bear numerous flowers, as in 
the fig. The strobilus is a fruit-bearing spike, more or less elongated, 
covered with scales, each one representing separate flowers, with two seeds 
at the base. These scales may be thin and membraneous, as in the hop, or 
they may be thickened, as in the pine. In the juniper they become fleshy, 
and are so incorporated as to form a globular fruit, like a berry, sometimes 
termed a galbulus. 
e. Of the Seed. 
The seed is the fertilized ovule arrived at maturity by the development 
of the embryo. Seeds are usually contained in a seed vessel, or pericarp, 
and hence called angiospermous ; some few, however, are without any 
pericarpal covering, or are 2ymmnospermous, and when the covering is only 
partial the seed is seminude. Each seed consists of several distinct ele- 
ments, like the ovule, being composed of nucleus and integuments. It is 
only rarely that all the membranes of the ovule are visible in the seed, the 
embryo-sac often becoming absorbed or incorporated with the cellular tissue 
of the nucleus. More usually the seed consists of the embryo and two 
coverings. The general covering of the seed is termed spermoderm, con- 
sisting oe two parts, an external membrane, called episperm, or testa, and 
an internal membrane, the endopleura. When the secundine remains 
distinct in the seed, it forms the mesoperm ; or when fleshy, the sarcosperm, 
or sarcoderm. When the embryo-sac remains distinct from the neuclus in 
the seeds, it forms a covering to which the name of vitellus has been given. 
Saemecet there is an aidiaanel covering to the seed, resulting from an 
expansion of the funiculus or placenta after fertilization, and covering the 
foramen, termed the avrillus; when the expansion proceeds noe the 
uncovered foramen, we have an arillode, as seen in the bright scarlet 
coverings of the seeds of Euonymus. Certain cellular bodies produced on 
the testa at various points, and in no way connected with fertilization, are 
known as strophioles, or caruncles. As in the ovule, the point where the 
funiculus is attached to the seed is termed the hilum, or wmbilicus. The 
foramen of the ovule becomes the micropyle of the seed with the exostome 
and endostome ; it is to this part that the root of the embryo is directed. 
A small process or valve which overlies the micropyle of the bean is 
termed embryotega. The vessels from the placenta, after passing through 
the funiculus, enter the seed either at a aa of the hilum, called the 
35 
