BOTANY. 43 
to 45° west longitude from Greenwich, and extends over 40,000 square 
miles. 
2. Maritime, or Saline Plants. These are plants which grow on the 
border of the sea, or of salt lakes, and require salt for nourishment, as 
Salicornia, glasswort, Salsola, saltwort, Anabasis. Such plants are often 
called Halophytes. Under this head may be included littoral and shore 
plants, such as Armeria, sea- “pink, Glauzx, and Samolus. 
3. Aquatic Plants, growing in fresh water, either stagnant or running 
as Sagittaria, arrowhead, Nymphea, water-lly, Potamogeton, pond- seed, 
Subularia, awlwort, Utricularia, bladderwort, Stratiotes, atin 
Lemna, duck-weed, Pistia, Conferve, Oscillatorie, and Ranunculus 
fluviatilis. Some of these root in the soil, and appear above the surface 
of the water; others root in the soil, and remain submerged; while a few 
swim freely on the surface without rooting below. 
3. Amphibious Plants, living in ground which is generally submerged, but 
occasionally dry, as Ranunculus aquatilis and_ sceleratus, Polyg onum 
amphibum, Nasturtium amphibium. The form of the plants varies accord- 
ing to the degree of moisture. Some of these, as Limosella aquatica, grow 
in places which are inundated at certain periods of the year; others, such as 
Rhizophoras, mangroves, and Avicennias, form forests at the mouths of 
muddy rivers in tropical countries. 
B. Lanp Puants wuich Root in THE EartTH AND GROW IN THE 
ATMOSPHERE. 
Sand Plants; as Carex arenaria, Ammophila arenaria, Elymus 
arenarius, and Calamagrostis arenaria, which tend to fix the lose sand. 
Plantago arenaria, Herniaria glabra, Sedum acre. 
6. Chalk Plants ; plants growing in calcareous soils, as some species of 
Ophrys, Orchis, and Cypripedium. 
T. Meadow and Pasture Plants ; as some species of Lotus, bird’s foot 
trefoil, a great number of grasses and trefoils, the daisy, dandelion, and 
buttercups. 
8. Plants Found in Cultivated Ground. In this division are included 
many plants which have been mtroduced by man along with grain, as 
Centaurea cyanus, corn blue-bottle. Sinapis arvensis, common wild 
mustard, Agrostemma, corncockle, several species of Veronica and Hu- 
phorbia, Lolium temulentum, Convolvulus arvensis, Cichorium intybus ; 
also plants growing in fallow ground, as Rumezx acetosella, Carduus nutans, 
Echium vulgare, Artemisia campestris, and Androsace septentrionalis. In 
this division garden weeds are included; such as Groundsel, Chickweed, 
Lamium amplexicaule, Chenopodium vulgare and viride. 
9. Rock or Wall Plants ; Saxifrages, Wall-flower, Linaria cymbalaria, 
Draba muralis, species of Sisymbrium and Sedum, Asplenium, Ruta mura- 
ria, and some lichens and mosses. 
10. Plants Found on Rubbish Heaps, especially connected with old 
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