48 BOTANY. 
tenax, Areca sapida, &c. Van Diemen’s Land and New Holland: Protea- 
cex, Epacrideze, Leptospermeze. Chili and Buenos Ayres: Fagus, Laurelia, 
Persea, Weinmannia, Coriaria, Myrtus, &c. 
5. Copper Temperate Zone. 45°—58° of latitude. Mean tempera- 
ture 43°—53}° F.; minimum summer temperature on the west coast 561°; 
in the interior of the continent 68°; minimum winter temperature in the 
interior of Europe 14°. 
Northern hemisphere ; Europe: Corylus, Viburnum, extended green mea- 
dows ; great heaths covered with Calluna vulgaris. Turf with Juniperus, An- 
dromeda polifolia and Ledum palustre ; rich in Umbelliferze and Crucifere. 
Asia: Anabasis, Salsola, Chenopodium, Atriplex, Statice, Artemisia, Gentiana, 
Cucubalus tatarica, Glycyrrhiza. America: Abietinez, Sisyrinchium, Dodeca- 
theon, Panaz horridum, Rubus odoratus, and spectabilis, Sorbus and Crategus. 
Southern hemisphere. Evergreen forests of Fagus antarctica and betu- 
loides, with Wéintera aromatica, Podocarpus. Here and there, no trees 
(Falkland Islands and east side of the Straits of Magellan), but instead, 
shrubby growths of considerable extent of Andromeda, Arbutus, Empetrum, 
and Rubus, 4-5 feet high. Extensive meadows of Agrostis magellanica 
and cespitosa, Aira fleruosa, Avena redolens and phleoides, Festuca magel- 
lanica and erecta, Carex and Juncus. Moors of Sphagnum acutifolium, 
with Marchantia polymorpha, Azolla magellanica, Lomaria, Callitriche 
verna, Gunnera, Statica armeria, Galium aparine, Pinguicula alpina, 
Lysimachia repens, Ranunculus lapponicus, Caltha appendiculata and 
sagittata, with Fuchsia and Sanguisorba. 
6. THe Suparcric Zone. 58°—66° of latitude. Mean temperature 
3941°43° F.; summer temperature in the New World 663°; im the Old, 
602°—68°. Winter temperature of western Europe 14°; of the interior 
of Russia 14°—103°. Vegetation very similar through Scandinavia, Si- 
beria, Kamtschatka, Northern America, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands. 
Pines, Firs, Larches, Birches, and Willows predominate; characteristic 
growths are Cetraria islandica, Trichostomum lanuginosum and canescens. 
Meadows of Agrostis, Poa and Aira, Valeriana, Mieraciwm aurantiacum, 
Digitalis purpurea, Stachys, Swertia, Lysimachia, Trientalis, Calluna 
vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Bunium, Ribes, Chrysoplenium, Berberis, Hyperi- 
cum, Prunus padua, Rosa, Trifolium. : 
The Sourm Supantarctic Zone (New Shetland) has the polar character. 
C. Fricip Zone. 
7. Tue Arctic Zonse. This extends from the Arctic circle 66° to 72°. 
Mean temperature 284°--32°, and towards the eastern and continental 
portions far below this. This constitutes the limit of arboreal vegetation 
and of cultivated plants. Characteristic growths common to both continents 
are Gyrophora, Cenomyce rangiferina, Polytrichum, Aira cespitosa and 
fleruosa, Pinus sylvestris and abies, Betula nana and glandulosa, Alnus 
glutinosa, Populus tremula, Salix, Diapensia, Cornus suecica, Azalea, 
Andromeda, Vaccinum, Rubus chamemorus and Sorbus aucuparia. 
48 
