BOTANY. BT 
spontaneam, or that he has seen a living wild specimen; while v. v. c. means 
vidi vivam cultam, or that the author has seen a living cultivated specimen. 
The asterisk prefixed to a name (*L), indicates that there is a good descrip- 
tion at the reference given to the work; while the dagger (tL), implies 
some doubt or uncertainty. The point of admiration (!DC), marks that an 
authentic specimen has been’ seen, from the author named; and the point of 
interrogation (?) indicates doubts as to the correctness of genus, species, &c., 
according as it is placed after the name of the one or other. ©, 0, ©. or 
A, annual; ¢, ©O, ©, or B, biennial; 2, A, or P, perennial; 5, or Sh., 
shrub ; }, twining to the left; (, twining to the right; %, hermaphrodite ; 
5, male; ?, female: §—%,monecious, or the male and female on one 
plant;  : %, dioecious, or the male and female on different plants; 0 or 8, 
means indefinite in number. 
Section A. Cryprocamous PLANTs. 
Class 1. Acotyledones, Juss. Acrogens and Thallogens, Lindl. 
The plants belonging to this class are in some instances composed entirely 
of cellular tissue; in other instances, both cells and vessels are present. 
The vascular tissue in the higher orders consists partly of closed spiral and 
scalariform vessels. Many of them have no true stem nor leaves. The 
woody stem, when present, consists of vascular bundles, which increase in 
an acrogenous manner. The stem of tree-ferns (which illustrates this class) 
is unbranched, more or less uniformly cylindrical, hollow in the interior, and 
marked by the scars of the leaves. Stomata occur in the epidermis of the 
higher divisions. Leaves, when present, have frequently no true venation; at 
other times the venation is forked. There are no flowers, and no distinct 
stamens nor pistils. Reproduction takes place in some cases apparently bY 
the union of cells of different kinds (antheridia and pistillidia), by means of 
which germinating bodies called spores are formed. In other cases it is 
difficult to trace this process of fertilization. ‘The spore may be considered as 
a cellular embryo which has no cotyledons, and germinates from any part of 
its surface, being heterorhizal. 
Sub-class 1. Amphigame, Thallogenes, or Cellulares. 
Acotyledons composed entirely of cellular tissue, having no distinct axis, 
nor leaves, nor stomata, propagated by means of spores which are often in- 
closed in asci. 
Orver 1. Ave#, the Sea-weed Family. Cellular plants found both in salt 
and in fresh water. Fronds composed of variously formed, often elongated 
cells, which are either simple or branched filaments, continuous or articu- 
lated, separate or combined in different ways, so as to constitute fronds of 
different kinds. Growth takes place by the division of cells, or by cellular 
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