vA BOTANY. 
_Sub-order 4. Arinee. Naked flowers with a spadix and spatha, é , 
anthers sessile, ovules several, fruit succulent, seeds pulpy, Arum triphyllum 
is the well known Indian Turnip; A. maculatum, or the European Wake 
Robin, is represented in pl. 55, fig.2; a, the entire plant, b, the spadix with 
its flowers; c, anther; d, the disk; e, an ovary; f, the lower part of the | 
spadix with fruit; g, one of the fruit cut transversely; h, a seed in longitu- 
dinal section. Other genera are Peltandra, Calla, Collocasia, Calladium. 
OrpeER 15. PanpanacEe& or Screw Pines. Flowers unisexual or polyga- 
mous, covering the whole of the spadix. Perianth 0, or a few scales. Male 
flowers: stamens numerous; filaments with single anthers, which are two- to 
four-celled. Female flowers: Ovaries one-celled, united in parcels; ovules 
solitary or numerous, anatropal; stigmas sessile, equal to the carpels in 
number. Fruit either fibrous drupes collected into parcels, or berries. Seeds 
solitary in the drupes, numerous in the berries ; embryo at the base of fleshy 
albumen ; radicle next the hilum. Trees or bushes, sometimes with adventi- 
tious roots, long, imbricated, amplexicaul leaves, usually with spiny margins 
and backs. Natives of tropical regions. | 
The flowers of some of the plants are fragrant, and their seeds are some- 
times used as food. The juice has in some instances astringent properties. 
The species of Pandanus are remarkable for their aerial roots, with large cup- 
like spongioles. These roots are sent out regularly from all parts of their 
stems, and appear like artificial props. Their spermoderm has numerous 
raphides. Their leaves are arranged in a spiral manner in three rows, and in 
their aspect they have some resemblance to those of the pine-apple, hence the 
name screw-pine. Pandanus candelabra is the chandelier-tree of Guinea, 
and is so called on account of its mode of branching. 
This order is divisible into two sub-orders. 
Sub-order 1. Cyclanthee, with fan-shaped or pinnate leaves. Flowers most 
generally provided with a perianth. Examples: Carludovica, Cyclanthus, 
Nipa, Wettinia. 7 
Sub-order 2. Eupandanee. Leaves simple or undivided, perianth none. 
Examples: Pandanus, Freycinetia. 
b. Perianth free, Ovary superior, Flowers usually hermaphrodite. 
OrveR 16. Buromacea#, the Flowering-rush Family. Perianth of six 
parts, in two verticils; outer usually herbaceous; inner petaloid. Stamens 
definite, or 00, hypogynous. Ovaries three, six, or more, distinct or united, 
one-celled; ovules 00; stigmas simple, as many as the carpels. Fruit con- 
sisting of several follicles, which are either distinct and beaked, or combined. 
Seeds 00, minute, attached to the whole inner surface of the pericarp, exalbu- 
minous; embryo often curved like a horse-shoe; radicle next the hilum. 
Aquatic plants, often lactescent, with parallel-veined leaves, and frequently 
umbellate flowers. ‘They are chiefly found in northern countries, and some of 
them have acrid and bitter properties. The principal genera are Butomus, 
Limnocharis, and Hydrocleis. 
OrverR 17. Auismace#, the Water plantain Family. -Perianth in six 
74 
