88 BOTANY. 
ovary. Their woody tissue is marked by the presence of disks. They are 
included in Lindley’s class of Gymnogens, and Endlicher’s Gymnospermous 
division of Acramphibrya. | 
Orver 40. Cycapacre®, the Cycas Family. Flowers unisexual. Males 
collected into cones, the scales bearing on their lower surface one-celled 
anthers, which are united often in sets of two, three, or four. Females 
consisting of naked ovules, placed at the base of flat scales, or beneath 
peltate ones, or seated on the margins of altered leaves. Seeds hard and 
nut-like, sometimes with an external spongy coat; embryo one or two, 
suspended in a central cavity ; albumen fleshy or mealy ; cotyledons unequal ; 
radicle superior, having a long -cord-like prolongation by which the embryo 
is suspended. Trees or shrubs, with cylindrical trunks, usually simple, 
sometimes dichotomous, marked with the scars of the leaves, and in many 
respects having the aspect of palms. The internal structure is more or less 
distinctly that of dicotyledons. Pitted tissue and spiral vessels occur. The 
leaves are pinnate, and their vernation is circinate, thus resembling ferns. 
The plants of this order are found in the temperate and warm regions of 
America and Asia, as well as at the Cape of Good Hope. There are six 
genera, according to Lindley, and forty-five species. Hxamples: Cycas, 
Zamia, Encephalartos, Macrozamia, Dion. | 
Some species of this order furnish an impure sago from the stem; the 
fruit of others is eaten, roasted like chestnuts. The family is interesting, 
from having fossil representatives. Cycas circinalis (pl. 56, fig. 4); Zamia 
elliptica (fig. 8). 
Orver 41. ContFer#, the Pine Family. It includes the orders Pinacezx, 
Taxaceze, and Gnetacez of Lindley. Flowers unisexual. Male flowers 
monandrous or monadelphous; stamens collected in a deciduous amentum, 
about a common rachis; anthers one-, two-, or many-lobed, with longitudinal 
dehiscence, often terminated by a scaly crest. Female flowers in cones, some- 
times solitary; ovary none, its place being supplied by the flat scales of the 
cones, arising from the axil of membranous bracts; ovules naked, usually in 
pairs on the face of the scales, inverted or erect; style 0; stigma 0. Fruit a 
cone, or a solitary naked seed. Seed with a hard crustaceous integument, 
sometimes winged, embryo in the midst of fleshy oily albumen; sometimes 
more than one embryo; cotyledons two, or many and verticillate ; radicle next 
the apex of the seed, organically connected with the albumen. Trees or 
shrubs, with branched, usually resinous trunks, the wood marked with circular 
disks, the leaves usually narrow, rigid or acerose, entire, sometimes fascicled, 
and with a scaly sheath at their base. They are found in various parts of the 
world, both in cold and hot regions. They abound in the temperate regions of 
Europe and America, and many occur in Australia. Four genera of Conifer, 
Araucaria, Phyllocladus, Microcachrys, and Arthrotaxis, are peculiar to 
the southern hemisphere. The following attain their maximum to the south of 
the tropics: Callitris, Podocarpus, and Dacrydium. Dammara has one species 
in each hemisphere. 
Sub-order 1. Ginetacee, the Joint-fir Tribe; male flowers with a perianth ; 
anthers uni-, or quadrilocular, opening by a short cleft; ovules with a 
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