BOTANY. 89 
projecting process formed from the intimate covering of the nucleus ; seed 
solitary ; embryo with a long spirally-twisted funiculus ; stems jointed ; zones 
of wood, often separated by marked cellular circles. Examples: Gnetum, 
Ephedra. 
Sub-order 2. Taxinew, the Yew Tribe; anthers usually bilocular, with 
longitudinal dehiscence ; fertile flowers, solitary, terminal; ovule solitary, 
sessile in the centre of a fleshy disk, when in fruit forming a sort of drupe ; 
embryo dicotyledonous. Examples: ‘Taxus, Torreya, Cephalotaxus, Podo- 
carpus, Dacrydium, Phyllocladus, Gingko. North American representatives : 
Torreya and Taxus (Taxus canadensis). 
Sub-order 3. Cupressinee, the Cypress Tribe. Ovules erect; fruit an 
indurated cone or fleshy, with the scales connected forming a galbulus; em- 
bryo di-, or poly-cotyledonous. Examples: Thuya, Taxodium, Juniperus, 
Cupressus, Cryptomeria, Thuyopsis, Callitris, Widdringtonia. North Ame- 
rican genera are: Thuya (T’. occidentalis or arbor vitee), Cupressus (C. thyoides, 
white cedar), Taxodium (T. distichum, bald cypress), and Juniperus (J. com- 
munis, Juniper, and J. virginiana, Red cedar). 
Sub-order 4. Abietinee, the true Pines. Fertile flowers, in cones with one 
or two inverted ovules at the base of each scale ; embryo in the axis of fleshy 
or oily albumen, di-, or poly-cotyledonous. 
Div. 1. Dammariee. Scales one or many-seeded. Seeds free; anthers 
bi-, tri-, or multilocular. Examples: Dammara, Cunninghamia, Arthrotaxis, 
none North American. 
Div. 2. Araucariee. Scales one-seeded, seed adnate to the scale, and not 
separating from it; anthers multilocular. Examples: Araucaria, Eutassa, 
Altingia. None North American. 
Div. 3. Abietee. Scales two-seeded, seeds adnate to the scale and at 
length separating from it; anthers bilocular. There are three prominent 
subdivisions: a. Scales without an apophysis, leaves fasciculated. Examples: 
Larix (leaves flat, annual); Cedrus (leaves tetragonal, perennial). 0. 
Scales without an apophysis, leaves solitary. Examples: Tsuga (scales 
persistent, leaves flat); Picea (scales persistent, leaves tetragonal); Abies 
(scales deciduous, leaves flat). c. Scales with a thickened apophysis, which 
is either entire or dimidiate. Examples: Pinus (ieaves in twos, threes, 
fours, or fives). North American representatives: Larix (L. americana, 
Tamarack), Abies (A. balsamea, balsam fir; A. canadensis, Hemlock 
spruce; A. alba, White spruce; A. nigra, Black or Double spruce, &c.); 
Pinus (P. strobus, white pine; P. mitis, yellow pine; P. rigida, Pitch 
pine, &c). 
The Coniferze form an extensive element in the forest features of many 
portions of the globe. Nevertheless, the different genera are rather re- 
stricted in their distribution. Thus Abies, Larix, Pinus, Taxus, Torreya, 
and Cupressus, are entirely confined to the northern hemisphere, few in- 
deed being found in tropical latitudes, except at considerable elevations. 
Juniperus and Thuya are quite generally distributed. Cryptomeria and 
Thuyopsis are natives of Japan; Callitris, with a single exception, of 
Australia; Widdringtonia is South African, and Taxodium, North 
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