90 i BOTANY. 
American. Araucaria is confined to South America, Eutassa and Arthro- 
taxis to Australia, Cunninghamia to China, Dammara to New Zealand and 
the adjacent islands, Sciadopitys to Japan. Of the Taxinex, Taxus and 
Torreya have already been assigned to the northern hemisphere, where they 
are found on both continents. Cephalotaxus and Gingko belong to the eastern 
extremity of Asia, Phyllocladus to Australia, Dacrydium to the islands of 
Asia, and Podocarpus to various parts of the globe. 
The economical value of the Coniferze is very great. Many species furnish 
timber of the first quality, as also turpentine, rosin, tar, pitch, &c. Canada 
Balsam is the exuded and inspissated juice of Abies balsamea and fraseri, 
known as Balsam firs. Callitris quadrivalvis supplies Sandarach or pounce ; 
Abies excelsa or Norway spruce, the Burgundy pitch or Frankincense. 
The oil from the berries of Juniper gives the peculiar flavor to Holland 
gin. The wood of lead pencils is derived from Juniperus bermudianus. 
The Gopher wood of Scripture is probably the cypress of modern times 
(Cupressus sempervirens). Many trees of this order furnish timber of extra- 
ordinary durability. The seeds of various species form a pleasant article of 
food. 
Taxus baccata or common European Yew (pl. 72, fig. 10); a, a branch 
with male flowers; b, male catkin with the anterior part of the scales re- 
moved; c, connective covering the anther cells; e,a branch with female 
flowers ; f, one-flowered male catkin; g, the same two-flowered; h, a female 
flower; i, a section of the same; k, single flowered female catkin; /, the 
flower separate ; m, branch with fruit; 7 and o, fruit. 
Juniperus communis, common Juniper (European) (pl. 72, fig. 11); a, 
branch with fruit; 6, portion of a branch with male flowers; c, do. with female 
flowers ; d, male catkin, e, anther cells with their covering ; f, the three female 
flowers; go, transverse section of the carpophores; h, two flowers with thei 
carpophores, the one in vertical section; 7, section of the berry; h, a seed; 
I, vertical section of do. Pinus picea; the stone Pine (Kuropean) ( pl. 72, 
fig. 14); a, branch with male catkins; b, a strobile; c, carpellary scale with 
its two seeds. 
Larix cedrus, European cedar (pl. 72, fig. 13); a@, branch with a male 
catkin ; b, the two anther cells; c, extremity of a branch with a female catkin ; 
d, scale with the two female flowers ; e, carpellary scale with the two seeds ; f, 
vertical section of the seed. 
Cupressus sempervirens, European cypress ( pl. 72, fig. 12); a, branch 
with male and female catkin; 6, male catkins; c, bracts with the anther fila- 
ments; d, female catkins; e and f, female flowers; g—l, various stages of 
fruit and seeds. 
Section B. Angiosperme. 
Monochlamydeous or achlamydeous plants having their seeds contained in 
an ovary and fertilized by the action of the pollen on a stigma. It corres- 
ponds to the Apetalous division of Endlicher’s Acramphibrya. 
90 
