98 BOTANY. 
species, as U. cannabina and tenacissima, afford excellent fibres for cordage. 
Urtica is found of great size in some countries, U. gigantea (Australia) having 
been known to reach a diameter of from eighteen to twenty-six feet. The 
Chinese grass cloth is the product of Boehmeria nivea. Parietaria pennsylva- 
nica is the plant known as Pellitory. 
Artocarpus incisa or Bread Fruit (South Sea Islands and tropical countries 
im general) (pl. 72, fig. 2); a, branch with flowers, leaves, and fruit; 6, male 
flower; c, three female flowers, the central one in vertical section ; d, section 
of female capitulum. 
Ficus carica, the Fig (pl. 72, fig. 1); a, branch with figs; 6, vertical sec- 
tion of the torus; c,a male, d, a female flower; e, an unripe fruit; f, a ripe 
iruit; g, a vertical section of the seed. “ 
Morus nigra, black mulberry (European) (pd. 72, fig. 3); a, a branch with 
fruit; 6, a male flower; ¢, a female flower; d, fruit; e, the syconus; f, the 
pericarp; 2, the seed. 
Cannabis sativa, Hemp (pé. 72, fig. 5); a@, top of the stalk with male 
flowers; 6b, a male fiower; c, a filament; d, transverse section of the an- 
ther: e, pollen grains (b-e magnified): jf, female flower; g, pistil magni- 
fied; hk, female flower magnifled ; 2, dried pericarp; k, the same magnified ; 
/, a nut without the hull; m, magnified; #, cross-section; 0, vertical 
section. 
Humulus lupulus, the Hop (pl. 72, fig. 4). A, branch with male flowers; - 
B, branch with female catkins; C, a strobile; a, male flower; 6, female 
flower; c-e, rachis with glands, the two lowest scales and one female flower, 
the rest removed ; f, four female flowers; g, ovary and pistil; h, fruit magni- 
fied; 2, fruit inclosed by perianth ; AJ, other states of fruit. 
OrpeR 55. Eupuorpiacesz, the Spurge Family. Flowers unisexual, 
sometimes inclosed within an involucre.  Perianth lobed, inferior, with 
various glandular or petaloid, scaly, internal appendages; sometimes the 
flowers are naked. Male flowers: stamens definite or 00, distinct or 
monadelphous, or polyadelphous ; anthers bilocular, sometimes with porous 
dehiscence. Female flowers ; ovary free, sessile or stalked, one-, two-, three-. 
or many-celled; ovules solitary or twin, suspended; styles equal in number 
to the cells, distinct or combined, sometimes 0; stigmas several, or one 
with several lobes. Fruit usually tricoccous, with the cocci separating in 
‘an elastic manner, and opening by two valves, or indehiscent and fleshy. 
Seeds solitary or in pairs, suspended, often arillate; embryo inclosed in 
fleshy albumen ; cotyledons flat ; radicle superior. Trees, shrubs, and herbs, 
often abounding m acrid milk, with opposite or alternate, often stipulate 
leaves, sometimes none. Some look on this order as apetalous, with a ten- 
dency to develope a corolla, while others consider it polypetalous, with a 
tendency to have the corolla suppressed. In European plants of the order 
there are usually no petals present, but in those of tropical countries the 
corolla is frequently well marked. In the Euphorbias of Britain there is 
an evident involucre, surrounding a number of achlamydeous male and 
female flowers, which by Linnzus were looked upon as merely stamens and 
pistils, and hence the plants were put by him in Dodecandria in place of 
98 
