BOTANY. 13 
with its segments ; pollen often blue. “Disk lobed : ovary free, three-celled ; 
ovules anatropal or amphitropal; style simple; stigma trifid. Fruit, a 
three-celled, three-valved capsule, with septifragal dehiscence. Seeds 
angular, or oval, or winged, often enveloped in mucus, containing spiral 
threads, ascending in a single or a double row; embryo straight, in the axis 
of a fleshy or horny albumen; cotyledons foliaceous, elliptical, or cordate ; 
radicle inferior, next the hilum. Herbaceous or climbing plants, with 
opposite or alternate, simple or compound leaves. They inhabit temperate 
countries chiefly, and they abound in the north-western part of America. 
There are 17 genera enumerated by Lindley, including 104 species. 
Examples: Polemonium, Phlox, Cobeea. 
Polemonium cceruleum, Jacob’s Ladder, Europe (pl. 63, fig. 8); a, the 
corolla expanded ; 0, calyx; c, pistil; d, capsule; e, cross-section of ditto ; 
f, a seed. 
Orper 95. Bianontacea, the Bignonia Family. Calyx divided or entire, 
sometimes spathaceous. Corolla monopetalous, hypogynous, usually 
irregular, four- or five-lobed. Stamens five and unequal, or four and 
didynamous, some of them occasionally sterile; anthers bilocular. Disk 
annular or glandular. Ovary superior, one- or two-celled, each cell being 
often spuriously divided ; ovules indefinite ; style one ; stigma bilamellar, or 
two- to four-cleft, or entire. Fruit, a two-celled (sometimes spuriously four- 
celled) and two-valved capsule, occasionally succulent. Placentas, parietal, 
sometimes extending to the centre, and forming a spurious dissepiment, 
which finally separates, bearing the seeds. Seeds winged or wingless, often 
flat and compressed, exalbuminous; embryo straight; radicle next the 
hilum. ‘Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with opposite, rarely alternate, exstipulate 
leaves. They abound generally in tropical regions, but some of them are 
widely distributed. The order has been divided into four sub-orders : 
Sub-order 1. Bignoniee, capsule two-valved, two-celled, sometimes 
spuriously four-celled, with a dissepiment parallel or contrary to the valves, 
at length free, bearing the seeds, which are transverse, compressed, and 
winged. 
Sub-order 2. Cyrtandree (Didymocarpee), fruit succulent or capsular, 
or siliquose and two-valved ; seeds small, ovate. or cylindrical, suspended, 
apterous, sometimes comose. 
Sub-order 3. Crescentiee, fruit woody and melon-shaped, inclosing 
large seeds which are immersed in the pulp of the placentas. 
Sub-order 4. Pedaliee, fruit drupaceous, rarely capsular and two- 
valved, spuriously many-celled; seeds few, large, and apterous, pendu- 
lous, erect, or transverse. These are reckoned separate orders by 
many. There are upwards of one hundred known genera and 
about 650 species. Examples: Bignonia, Tecoma, Catalpa, Spathodea, 
Eccremocarpus, Cyrtandra, Didymocarpus, Crescentia, Pedalium, Sesamum, 
Martynia. 
The Bignonia Family embraces many species of great beauty. The 
most conspicuous North American forms are Tecoma (TJ. radicans, or 
Trumpet Creeper) and Catalpa (C. bignonioides, Catalpa, or Catawba tree),. 
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