BOTANY. 135 
amounts to upwards of 1000, including 9500 species, and forming about 
one tenth of all the known species. Various subdivisions have been 
proposed by different authors; those by Linnzus into Polygamia equalis, 
superflua, frustranea, necessaria, and segregata, will be found explained on 
page 54. The sub-orders more usually followed by modern authors are 
those of De Candolle, as follows: 1. Tubuliflore. Corolla of the perfect 
flowers tubular, and regularly five- (rarely three- to four-) lobed or toothed. 
2. Labiatiflore. Corolla of the perfect flower bilabiate. 3. Liguliflore. 
Flowers all perfect and ligulate. (The genera marked with an asterisk 
are North American.) 
Sus-orper 1. Tuspuiiryor&. 
Tribe 1. Vernoniacee. Style of the perfect flowers cylindraceous ; the 
branches usually elongated and subulate, hispid throughout; the stigmatic 
lines not extending beyond their middle. 
Sub-tribe 1. Vernoniee. Heads discoid, homogamous. Division 1. 
Euvernoniee. a, Ethuliee. Example: Ethulia. b, Heterocomee. Examples: 
*Stokesia, *Vernonia. c, Albertiniee. Example: Albertinia. Division 2. 
*Hlephantopee. Example: Elephantopus. Division 3. Rolandrea. 
Example: Gundelia. Division 4. Bojeriee. Example: Synchodendron. 
Sub-tribe 2. Pectidee. Heads radiate, heterogamous. Division 1. Liabea. 
Example: *Xanthisma. Division 2. Eupectidee. Examples: *Pectis, 
Pectidopsis. | 
Tribe 2. Eupatoriacee. Style of the perfect flowers cylindraceous : 
the branches elongated, obtuse, or clavate, externally puberulent or papillose 
towards the summit, the stigmatic lines obscure, terminating near their 
middle. 
Sub-tribe1. Hupatoriee. Heads discoid, homogamous. Division 1. Alomiee. 
Ex.: Orsinia. Division2. Ageratee. Ex.: *Ccelestina, *Ageratum, *Sclero- 
lepsis. Division 3. Adenostylee@. Kix.: *Liatris, *Kunia, *Kupatorium. 
Sub-tribe 2. Tussilaginee. Heads with the flowers heterogamous or 
dicecious. Division 1. Petasitee. Examples: *Nardosmia, *Adenocaulon. 
Division 2. EHutussilaginee. Example: *Tussilago. 
Tribe 3. Asteroidee. Style of the perfect flowers cylindraceous: the 
branches linear, externally flattish, minutely and equally pubescent above, 
stigmatic lines prominent, extending about to the origin of the exterior 
pubescence. 
Sub-tribe 1. Asterinee. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or homo- 
gamous. Receptacle seldom chaffy. Anthers not caudate. Leaves 
alternate. Division 1. Amelliee. a, Kuamellee.. Example: Amellus. 3, 
Heterothalamee. Example: Heterothalamus. Division 2. Asteree. a, 
Euasteree. Examples: *Galatella, *Aster. 06, Diplopappes. Example: 
*Diplopappus. c, Erigeree. Example: *Erigeron. d, Heteropappee. 
Examples: *Chetopappa, *Boltonia. e, Belliew. Example: Bellium. f, 
Bellidee. Examples: *Bellis, *Aphanostephus. Division 3. Chrysocomee. 
a, Gymnospermee. Example: *Gymnosperma. 0, Achyridez. Example: 
*Amphiachyris. c, Heterothece. Example: *Bradburia.  d, Psiadiee, 
Erato. e, Chrysopsidee. Example: Chrysopsis. (f, Solidaginee 
135 
