140 BOTANY. 
the calyx, either closely or only at the apex, unilocular; ovule solitary, 
pendulous, anatropal; style filiform; stigma simple. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 
crowned by the limb of the calyx, covered by an epicalyx, or involucellum, 
one-celled. Seed solitary, pendulous, albuminous; embryo straight; radicle 
superior. Herbs or undershrubs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and 
capitate or verticillate flowers, surrounded by a many-leaved involucre. 
They are found in the south of Europe, the Levant, and at the Cape of 
Good Hope. None in North America. The properties of the order are 
unimportant. The heads of Dipsacus fullonum, Fuller’s Teazel, on account 
of their spiny bracts, are used in dressing cloth. Lindley mentions six 
genera, including one hundred and fifty species. Examples: Morina, 
Scabiosa, Dipsacus. 
Dipsacus fullonum, the Teazel, Europe (pl. 65, fig. 2): a, a flowering 
branch; 0, vertical section of the head; c, a flower; d, ditto opened; e, 
stigma; f, achenium; g and h, sections of ditto. 
Orper 119. Vauertanaces, the Valerian Family. Calyx superior, its 
limb being either membranous or pappose. Corolla gamopetalous, inserted 
into the top of the ovary, tubular, three-, four-, to five-lobed, sometimes 
gibbous or spurred at the base. Stamens one to five, adherent to the 
corolla and alternate with its lobes. Ovary inferior, one- to three-celled ; 
ovule solitary, pendulous, style filiform; stigmas one to three. Fruit dry, 
indehiscent, crowned with the limb of the calyx, one-celled, in consequence 
of two cells being abortive. Seed solitary, pendulous, exalbuminous ; 
embryo straight ; radicle superior. Herbs, with opposite, exstipulate leaves, 
and cymose inflorescence. They are found in temperate climates. Lindley 
gives twelve genera, and 185 species. 
The only North American genera are Valeriana, Plectritis, and Fedia. 
The root of Valeriana officinalis furnishes the medicinal valerian; this 
substance produces a species of intoxication in cats. Nardostachys 
jatamansi is the nardos or spikenard of the ancients. 
Orper 120. Rusiaceas, the Madder and Cinchona Family. Tube of the 
calyx adherent to the ovary, rarely partly, or almost completely free ; the 
limb mostly four- to five-cleft or toothed, sometimes obsolete. Corolla 
inserted upon the summit of the calyx-tube, composed of as many united 
petals as there are lobes of the calyx, valvate, imbricate, or somewhat 
contorted in estivations. Stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla, 
equal in number and alternate with its lobes (or very rarely fewer) ; anthers 
introrse. Ovary two- (rarely three-, several-) celled, with one, or many 
ovules in each cell; style single or partly divided; stigmas distinct or 
concrete. Fruit capsular, drupaceous, baccate, or separated into indehiscent 
earpels. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous, solitary, few, or numerous in 
each cell. Embryo straight or slightly curved, in the axis or at the 
extremity of copious densely fleshy or horny albumen. Trees, shrubs, or 
herbs, with opposite, or rarely verticillate, entire leaves. Stipules between 
the petioles, sometimes simulating the leaves. Flowers regular. Inflorescence 
various. ; 
Sus-orpEer 1. Corrgace#. Cells one- to two-seeded. 
140 
