BOTANY. 149 
more or less adherent ; styles usually two, and distinct; herbs with alternate, 
usually exstipulate leaves. Examples: *Saxifraga, *Heuchera, * Mitella. 
Sub-order 2. Escalloniee. Petals and stamens five; ovary inferior ; 
style simple; albumen oily. Evergreen shrubs, with alternate, simple, 
exstipulate leaves, found in the temperate regions of South Amevica (one 
species, Itea virginica, North America), often at great elevations. 
Examples: Escallonia, *Itea. 
Sub-order 3. Hydrangee. Petals four to six; stamens eight to twelve, 
or»; anthers sometimes biporose ; ovary more or less inferior; styles two 
to five, usually distinct. Shrubs with opposite, sometimes whorled, 
exstipulate leaves; flowers frequently cymose, with the exterior flower 
sterile and dilated. Found chiefly in the temperate parts of Asia and 
America. Examples: *Hydrangea, *Decumaria. 
Sub-order 4. Cunoniacee. Petals four to five, or 0; stamens eight to 
ten, or ~; ovary half inferior; styles two, distinct or combined: trees or 
shrubs with opposite leaves, having interpetiolary stipules. Natives of 
South America, East Indies, South Africa, and Australia. Example: 
Codia. 
The entire order contains fifty-seven genera and upwards of nine hundred 
species. North America has fifteen genera and ninety species (Saxifraga 
alone has forty-six). Saxifraga granulata, Europe (pl. 69, fig. 2); a, 
tubers ; b, upper part of the plant; c, coronal scale; d, sexual apparatus; e, 
calyx with capsule; f, vertical section of ditto; g—h, seeds. 
Orner 129. PuinapetpHaces, the Mock Orange Family. Calyx, with a 
four- to ten-divided, persistent limb. Petals alternate with the divisions of 
the calyx, and equal to them in wumber; estivation convolute. Stamens 
« (rarely ten), in one or two rows, arising from the orifice of the calyx. 
Ovary adherent to the tube of the calyx ; styles distinct or united into one ; 
stigmas four to ten; ovules «, attached to a central placenta. Fruit, a 
four- to ten-celled capsule, free above. Seeds ~, scobiform, subulate, 
smooth, pendulous, with a loose membranous arillus; albumen fleshy ; 
embryo straight, about as long as the albumen; cotyledons flat; radicle 
next the hilum, obtuse. Shrubs with deciduous, opposite, exstipulate leaves, 
without dots; flowers usually in trichotomous cymes. They are natives of 
the south of Europe, of North America, Japan, and India. They have no 
marked properties. The flowers of Philadelphus coronarius, Syringo, have 
a peculiar sweetish odor, which, to some persons, is overpowering and 
disagreeable. Of the single genus Philadelphus five species are found in 
North America. 
Orper 130. Grossutace# or Ruisestacez, the Gooseberry Family. 
Calyx four- to five-cleft, regular, colored. Petals minute, perigynous, equal 
in number to the segments of the calyx, and alternate with them. Stamens 
four to five, alternate with the petals, and inserted into the throat of the 
calyx; filaments short; anthers ditheca]. Ovary unilocular, adherent to 
the tube of the calyx; ovules ~, anatropal, attached to two opposite parietal 
placentas; style single, two- to four-cleft. Fruit a one-celled berry, 
crowned with the remains of the flower. Seeds ~, immersed in pulp, and 
149 
