162 BOTANY. 
compound, alternate, stipulate leaves, and the flowers sometimes unisexual. 
They are found chiefly in the cold and temperate climates of the northern 
hemisphere. Some are found on high mountains within the tropics, and a 
-few occur in warm regions. | 
Sub-order 1. Pomew. Calyx campanulate or urceolate, more or less 
globose in fruit, when it becomes extremely thick and juicy, including and 
cohering with the ovaries. Ovaries two to five, or sometimes solitary, 
mostly coherent with each other, with two collateral ascending ovules ; 
styles terminal, sometimes coherent ; stigma simple or emarginate. Fruita 
- pome one- to five-celled; the cells sometimes spuriously divided by the 
inflexion of the dorsal suture. Seeds one to two in each carpel (many in 
Cydonia). Trees or shrubs (confined to temperate climates), with simple 
or sometimes pinnate leaves, which, except in Cotoneaster, do not contain 
hydrocyanic acid. Fruit usually eatable. Examples: *Pyrus, Cydonia, 
*Amelanchier, *Crateegus, *Photinia, *Peraphyllum, &e. This sub-order 
includes some of our most important fruit, as the apple, the pear, &. 
All the cultivated varieties of apple are derived from Pyrus malus, 
‘those of the pear from P. communis. The principal North American 
species is P. coronaria, the wild crab apple, a small tree with very fragrant 
flowers. The different thorns mostly belong to Crategus, of which North 
America has seventeen species. The Service or June berry, Amelanchier 
canadensis, blooms early in spring before the leaves put out, and at a 
distance looks like a mass of snow. Cydonia vulgaris, the Quince, was 
originally a native of Crete. 
Sub-order 2. Rosacew proper. Tribe 1. Rosca. Calyx urceolate; the 
tube contracted at the mouth, at length fleshy or baccate, including the 
numerous distinct ovaries: the segments somewhat spirally imbricated 
in estivation. Carpels (achzenia) one-seeded and indehiscent, crustaceous, 
hairy, with two suspended ovules, one above the other, inserted on the 
whole inner surface of the thickened torus or disk which lines the tube of 
the calyx; styles terminal or nearly so, somewhat exserted, distinct, or 
connate above, rather persistent. Shrubby and prickly plants, with pinnate 
leaves, rarely reduced to a single leaflet, and mostly adnate stipules. 
' Examples: *Rosa, Hultemia, Lowea. The principal genus in this sub-order 
is Rosa, which includes the various species of Rose. Of the genus there 
are eleven species and upwards, native to North America. The varieties 
of Scotch roses are derived from R. spinosissima; those of the dog-rose 
from R. canina, The cabbage rose, R. centifolia, with its varieties, R. 
damascena, the Damask rose, R. moschata, the musk-rose, &c., are used in 
the preparation of Rose water and Otto of Roses. It is said that 100,000 
roses, the produce of 10,000 bushels of Rosa damascena, yield but 186 
grains of the attar or otto. 
Tribe 2. Neureadew. Calyx united to the carpels, the tube short, the 
limb divided into five lobes. Petals five. Stamens twice this number. 
Ten carpels coherent with the calyx, each containing suspended, an ovule ; 
surrounded by five to ten styles; separating at maturity by their anterior 
face, which opens by the corresponding suture, remaining attached by the 
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