BOTANY. 187 
tubular, five-lobed, unequal, naked, persistent, and afterwards enlarged, with 
an imbricated estivation. Petals hypogynous, sessile, often combined at 
the base, with a twisted estivation. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous ; 
filaments dilated at the base, either distinct or irregularly cohering; anthers 
innate, bilocular, subulate, opening by terminal fissures. Torus not enlarged 
in a disk-like manner. Ovary superior, three-celled; ovules in pairs, 
pendulous; style and stigma simple. Fruit coriaceous, unilocular by 
abortion, three-valved or indehiscent, surrounded by the calyx, which is 
prolonged in the form of long wing-like lobes. Seed solitary, exalbuminous; 
cotyledons often twisted and crumpled; radicle superior. Trees with 
alternate leaves, having an involute vernation, and deciduous convolute 
stipules. They are found in India. There are about eight known 
genera, including forty-eight species. Examples: Dipterocarpus, Vateria, 
Dryobalanops. 
Oxper 193. Tmiacrea#, the Linden Family. Sepals four to five, with a 
valvate cestivation. Petals four to five, entire, rarely wanting. Stamens 
hypogynous, free, or united by the enlarged border of the stalk of the pistil, 
usually ©; anthers two-celled, dehiscing longitudinally or by pores, 
occasionally some abortive. Disk often large and glandular. Ovary 
solitary, formed by the union of two to ten carpels; style one; stigmas as 
many asthe carpels. Fruit dry or pulpy, either multilocular with numerous 
seeds, or by abortion unilocular and one-seeded. Seeds anatropal; embryo 
erect in the axis of fleshy albumen, with flat, leafy cotyledons. Trees or 
shrubs, rarely herbaceous plants, with alternate stipulate leaves. They are 
found chiefly in tropical regions, only a small number inhabiting northern 
countries. The order has been divided into two sections: 1. Tilieze, with 
entire petals or 0, and anthers dehiscing longitudinally. 2. Elzocarpe, 
with lacerated petals, and anthers opening at the apex. Lindley enumerates 
thirty-five genera, including 350 species. Examples: *Tilia, *Corchorus, 
Grewia, Aristotelia, Eleocarpus. Five species of the two first-named genera 
are the North American representatives. Species of Tilia are known as 
Linden or Lime trees. Russian mats are made from the inner bark of the 
Tilia europea. 
Tilia grandiflora, Lime tree or Linden (pi. 68, fig. 6); a-h. 
Orper 194. Byrryertaces, the Chocolate Family. Calyx four- to five- 
lobed, valvate in estivation. Petals four to five or 0, often elongated at the 
apex, with a twisted or induplicate estivation. Stamens hypogynous, 
either equal in number to the petals, or some multiple of them, more or less 
monadelphous, some of them sterile; anthers bilocular, introrse. Ovary 
tree, composed usually of four to ten carpels arranged round a central 
column ; styles terminal, as many as the carpels, free or united; ovules two 
in each loculament. Fruit capsular, either with loculicidal dehiscence, or 
the carpels separating from each other. Seeds anatropal, often winged ; 
embryo straight or curved, lying usnally in fleshy albumen; cotyledons 
either plaited or rolled up spirally. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs, with 
alternate leaves, having either deciduous stipules or 0, and stellate or forked 
hairs. They abound in tropical climates. Lindley enumerates forty-five 
187 
