INTRODUCTION. 3 
medicine, suffering much from destitution during the period of his studies. 
In 1732 the University of Upsal sent him upon his celebrated Lapland 
tour. After this he taught mineralogy, and in 1735 took his medical 
degree. 
Linnzus, whose great mind embraced the three kingdoms of nature, 
established the artificial method ; since he indicated and arranged animals, 
plants, and minerals, by means of a few characteristics, enabling every 
naturalist to find a special name for each animal—a method which should 
as much as possible serve as a complete catalogue, convenient for ascer- 
taining the names of known species, or of intercalating such as ore be 
unknown. His classification is briefly as follows : 
1. Animals whose heart has two ventricles and two auricles ; blood warm 
and red. 
Viviparous. Mammatra. Oviparous. Aves (Birds). 
2. Animals whose heart has one ventricle and one auricle; blood cold 
and red. | 
With lungs. Ampurpra (Reptiles). With gills. Pisces (Fishes). 
2. Animals with one ventricle and no auricle; blood cold and yellowish. 
With antenne. Insecra (Insects). With tentacles. VueErmes 
(Worms). : 
The Linnzan Vermes included Intestina, Mollusca (not those of later 
authors), Testacea, Zoophyta, and Infusoria. 
_ The impulse which Linnzeus gave to the study of nature resulted in large 
collections formed in exotic regions chiefly by his disciples, among whom 
were Thunberg, Forskol, Spaarman, Hasselquist, and Osbeck ; and as these 
collections contained many species which could not be properly arranged 
according to his system, the want of a more natural one was soon felt, and 
this was finally supplied by the immortal Cuvier, who laid the foundation of 
a natural classification in a deep study of the entire structure of the animal 
frame; showing, for example, how the characters of an unknown fossil 
animal might be determined from a few bones. 
Cuvier was born in 1769, at Montbéillard, on the Alaine, in France, then 
belonging to the house of Wurtemberg ; and died in 1832, aged sixty-three. 
The national museum at Paris, the first in Europe, was the chief scene of 
his triumphs. He divides animals into Verresrata and InvEeRTEBRATA, 
separating the first into Mammalia or beasts ; Aves or birds; Reptilia or 
_reptiles ; and Pzsces or fishes. The Invertebrata he separates into D/ollusca 
_or shellfish ; Articulata or insects, &e.; and Radiata, including starfish 
and some ee ogeneous materials. . 
The most recent mode of determining the relative station of animals, i is 
that employed by Acassiz, founded upon the development of the young from 
the ovum ; a mode seein in the hands of this distinguished professor, has 
in some cases furnished more certain results than the consideration even of 
the nervous system. 
Zoology is distinguished as general and special. The former compares 
the internal and external structure of animals, not only to understand the 
phenomena of animal growth and life, but also to unravel the laws 
207 
