ARTICULATA. 193 
pupe, and instead of respiring through the posterior extremity, they 
have two horn-like tubes on the thorax for this purpose. The pupe are 
active, but do not take food. The entire period required for the trans- 
formations is about three weeks. Culex (pl. 77, figs. 95, 96), Anopheles 
(fig. 94). 
The Tipulide are an extensive family, which bear a considerable 
resemblance to the Culicide, on account of their slender body and feet. 
The rostrum is short, robust, and ending in a pair of fleshy lips; the palpi 
are generally four-articulate, and turned back. The abdomen of the male 
is often thickened at the tip, the antenne have in general from fourteen 
to sixteen articulations, those of the male being often verticillate or 
pectinate. The larve of some are aquatic; some live in the ground, 
where they destroy the roots of grass; some in fungi or decaying 
matter, and some in galls. The minute but destructive insects of 
the genus Cecidomyia (Hessian fly) belong to this family. There are 
several sub-families which Westwood names Chironomides, Cect- 
domyides, Mycetophilides, Tipulides, and Bibionides. The genera figured 
are, Chironomus (pl. 77, fig. 118), Anisomera (fig. 119), Ctenophora 
(fig. 120), Psychoda (fig. 121), Mycetophila ( figs. 122, 124), Bibio 
(fig. 123). 
The Stratiomyde are generally gaudily colored; they are found upon 
flowers, and have the body usually depressed, and the scutellum often 
spinose. The larve are aquatic or terrestrial, and the pupa is formed 
within the skin of the larva. Stratiomys (pl. 77, fig. 117), Clitellaria 
(fig. 110). 
The Tabanide have the eyes large, the mouth well developed, that of 
the female having six and that of the male four piercers. The labium is 
fleshy, with the end lobed ; and the palpi have two articulations, of which 
the second is long. Tabanus (T. tropicus, fig. 97, T. bovinus, fig. 98) 
has the third articulation of the antenne excised upon oneside. The genus 
contains some of the largest of the Diptera, and from their size, number, and 
the perfection of their oral organs, they are a great pest to cattle when 
numerous. The males frequent flowers» the females alone sucking blood. 
The Bombyliide (Bombylius, pl. 77, fig. 87) resemble certain bees, and 
the analogy is preserved by the buzzing sound they make in flying. The 
rostrum is very long, and projecting in front, and with this they suck 
flowers without alighting. Their wings stand horizontally, and their flight 
is very rapid. 
In the Empide (figs. 92, 93) the body is narrow, the head small 
and round, with a distinct neck, the wings are large, and the feet 
generally long. The males generally live upon honey, and the females 
upon the juices of insects which they take on the wing with the aid of 
their feet. 
The Asilide include several large predaceous Diptera, with a slender 
bristly body, a depressed head, bearded below, and a robust thorax. They 
fly with a buzzing noise, and take other insects upon the wing. The larve 
feed upon roots. Dioctria (fig. 88), Asilus (fig. 89). 
397 
