218 ZOOLOGY. 
in the one having cycloid scales, the other ctenoid, has a single dorsal 
supported in front by spines, each of which has generally a membranous 
appendage. ‘The jaws are provided with fleshy lips. There are three 
pharyngeals, the two upper attached to the cranium, the lower larger, all 
armed with teeth of various kinds. Intestinal canal, with coca, rudimen- 
tary, or none. The most interesting American genera are Ctenolabrus 
and Tautoga. The former is represented by C. c@ruleus, found along the 
Atlantic coast from New Jersey, north; and known by the fishermen by 
the various names of bergall, cunner, blue perch, and chogset. Tautoga 
Americana, tautog, or black-fish, is much esteemed for the table, and is 
caught along the more northern Atlantic coast. 
The order Anacanthini contains fishes of great importance to mankind 
as articles of food. This is divided into two sub-orders, the first Apodes, 
without ventral fins, the second Thoracici, with the ventrals under the 
pectorals, and the pelvis suspended to the bones of the shoulder. The 
typical genus of the single family Oruipipa, included in the first sub-order, 
is Ophidium, having the dorsal, caudal, and anal, either united, or separated 
by a small interval. The ventrals are wanting. A small barbel at each 
angle of the jaw. The North American species, O. marginatum and O. 
stigma, are quite inconspicuous in every respect. The next two thoracic 
families, Gadid@ or codfish, and the Pleuronectide or flat-fish, embrace 
species standing in the very first rank in economical value. 
The Gapin# have an elongated body. covered with soft scales, these not 
extending on the head. Jaws, and front of vomer, with pomted irregular 
teeth of various size, and gills with seven rays. Dorsal fins, three, or less ; 
anal two, or one: ceca numerous. Aijr-bladder large, frequently inden- 
tated. The genus Morrhua, or true cod, has three dorsal fins, two anal ; 
pointed ventrals. A median barbel at the end of the lower jaw. The best 
known species of cod is the Morrhua vulgaris (pl. 85, fig. 1), found in the 
European seas as far south as Gibraltar, and in the American to New- 
foundland. ‘The codfish caught off the coast of the United States belong 
to another species, M. americana. M. vulgaris is found in immense num- 
bers on the banks of Newfoundland, where they give employment, in 
fishing, to vessels of all nations. They are caught with hooks, or seines 
sunk to a considerable depth in the sea. On the banks of Newfoundland, 
the usual] fishing season is during the months of May and June. They are 
preserved by simple green salting, or are salted and then dried. The 
maximum size of this species, of 60 to 70 lbs., is exceeded by that of M. 
americana, which has been known to weigh 107 Ibs., according to Dr. 
Storer. A cod of fifty pounds is, however, considered to be very large. 
Various applications are made of the cod; other than as an article of food ; 
the oi] from the liver (known technically as olewm jecori), in particular, is 
considered to be a highly valuable medicinal agent, especially in cases of 
pulmonary consumption. The roe, also, is used as bait for various species 
of herrings, as anchovies, pilchards, &c. Another species, M. eglefinus, or 
haddock, common to Northern Europe and America, is distinguished from 
the cod proper, among other features, by the jet black lateral line. Inferior 
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