doz ZOOLOGY. 
all the European crows on account of his forward and familiar habits. 
The rook (C. frugilegus) is another common species. | 
No American bird is more universally known than the crow of the 
United States (C. americanus), though nowhere favorably regarded. He 
is constantly to be observed at all seasons, but much more abundant in the 
Atlantic States during winter. It would be difficult to find a winter land- 
scape without the crow as a conspicuous feature. 
The fish crow (C. ossifragus) is the only other species inhabiting the 
United States. He is a small species, being little larger than the jackdaw 
of Europe, and is never seen far from the sea side, where he subsists prin- 
cipally on fishes washed up by the waves. Si 
Of the magpies there are eight or ten species. The magpie of Europe, 
Pica caudata (yl. 98, fig. 10), is a good example. It is rather a favorite 
throughout Europe, and a constant attendant on cultivation. In captivity 
this bird is very remarkable for a propensity to steal, which even extends 
to the purloining of silver plate and other articles of no possible service to 
its wants. 
There are two American species intimately resShabline the European 
species, the American magpie (P. hudsonica) and the yellow-billed magpie 
(P. nuttalliz), both of which are natives of the western side of North 
America. They will probably adopt the familiar and acquisitive habits. 
of the European bird when their native country shall have become 
more fully settled; but are yet represented as rather shy and unobtrusive 
birds, though resembling in form and color of plumage the common magpie 
to such an extent as to be scarcely distinguishable. 
Of the nutcrackers there are three species, one of which is common in 
Europe, Nucifraga caryocatactes (pl. 99, fig. 2), though rare in Great 
Britain. It frequents wooded regions, feeding on the kernels of nuts and 
on insects. It breeds in a hole of a decayed tree, and in climbing some- 
times assumes the attitude and appearance of a woodpecker. 
Two other nutcrackers have been discovered in India. The only 
American bird which appears:to be very nearly related to them is Corvus 
columbianus, or Clark’s crow, which is found in the Rocky Mountains and 
western North America. It was discovered by the exploring party of 
Lewis and Clark, but little is yet known of its history. 
Many other species of crows are known which are scattered over the 
entire surface of the globe. 
Sub-fam. 5. Gymnoderine, or Fruit Crows. Bill strong, straight, rather 
depressed; wings long, pointed; tail moderate, rounded ; tarsi and feet 
long. Size smaller. 
Six birds only constitute this sub-family. They are natives of South 
America, and are represented as found exclusively in the vast forests of 
that continent, feeding on berries and other fruits. The red-breasted crow 
(Pyroderus scutatus) is as large as the common crow, and has the plumage 
perfectly black, with a wide belt on the breast which is deep red, giving 
this bird a very remarkable appearance. 
The umbrella chatterer (Cephalopterus ornatus) also belongs here. Its 
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