438 ZOOLOGY. 
The genus Anthracotherium is very remarkable, as it forms a link of 
relationship between the Anoplotheride and Suide. By the upper molars 
they are allied to Anoplotherium, whilst those of the lower jaw resemble 
those of the hog, and more particularly of the extinct genus Cheeropotamus. 
The remains of several species have been found in the meiocene deposits 
of central Europe. 
The genus Tapirus possesses twenty-seven molars, which present two 
transverse and rectilinear prominences when not worn off. Each jaw has 
six incisors and two canines, separated from the molars by an empty space. 
The nose resembles a small fleshy proboscis; there are four toes to the fore 
feet, and three to the hind ones. For a long time only a single species was 
known of this genus, the American tapir (IT. americanus), quite common in 
Paraguay, of the size of a small ass. It frequents wet places along the 
rivers of South America. The skin is nearly naked, the tail moderate, the 
neck fleshy, forming a sort of crest on the nape. Another species is now 
known to inhabit the Andes. A third, 7. indicus (pl. 111, fig. 1), occurs 
on the eastern continent. Many fossil species, some of them of gigantic 
size, are on record, three from central Europe, and one from Brazil. 
Fam. 5. Exvepnantiwwa, or Progoscipra, is characterized by having an 
elongated, flexible, and powerful proboscis, an organ of touch as well as of 
smell, together with very large projecting tusks. There are no canines or 
incisors, properly so called ; in place of them we find the tusks. The toes 
are five in number on each foot, very complete in the skeleton, but so 
incrusted by the callous skin which surrounds the foot that their only 
external appearance is in the nails attached to the edge of this kind of hoof. 
The representatives of this family are not very numerous in genera and 
species, as if their enormous size had forbidden a greater profusion. ‘Two 
genera, one extinct (Mastodon), and the other living (/ephas), constitute 
the whole of it; most of the species are extinct. 
The genus Mastodon is very nearly allied to the elephants. It had, like 
the latter, a large proboscis, by means of which it could gather on the sur- 
face of the earth the plants and roots upon which it fed. The head and neck 
are short, and could not easily reach to the feet without some such provi- 
sion. It differs from elephants in the structure of the molar teeth, the 
crown of which, instead of being flattened above, exhibits small cones 
arranged in a certain number of transverse rows. In size mastodonts were 
generally superior to elephants. Many species are described, but some of 
them are still doubtful. They all lived during the tertiary epoch, and in 
larger number towards the end of it. They were very common in Ame- 
rica, and the discovery of the remains of some of them has from time to 
time produced a very great sensation. Various names have been applied 
to these remains. The following belong to the Wastodon giganteum, the 
largest and first species known: Mammuth ohioticum, Mastotherium, Har- 
pagmotherium canadense, Elephas carnivorus (the tuberculous crown of 
whose teeth, when first discovered, led some to imagine carnivorous 
habits), Tetracaulodon mastodontoideum, Missourium theristo-caulodon, 
and many other specific denominations. Species of this genus have left 
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