448 ZOOLOGY. 
in the tertiary deposits of both Europe and Asia, showing a wadeR geogra- 
phical range at an epoch pr evious to ours. 
The genus Sivatherium is extinct, and belongs very likely to this family, 
although presenting some affinities with pachyderms. The upper molars 
are six in number. The only species known exhibits characters found 
only in ruminants. The heavier forms, shorter neck, and especially the 
probable existence of a proboscis seemingly indicated by the form of the 
nasal bones, would refer it to pachyderms. It is one of the most remark- 
able and extraordinary fossils hitherto discovered in the Sivalic Mountains. 
The size of the head approaches that of the elephant, and hence we 
conclude that the species to which it belongs was nearly of the bulk of that 
proboscidian. 
Another extinct genus is indicated, but not yet sufficiently known, which 
seems to be intermediate between Sivatherium and Camelopardalis proper, 
or the giraffe. A skull of this was found in the island of Perim in the 
Gulf of Cambay. 
Fam. 3. Moscuipa. A very small family, represented in the actual 
fauna by a single genus, differing from the ordinary ruminants by the 
complete absence of horns in both sexes. The incisors as in the following 
are wanting above, and are eight in number below. 
The genus Moschus is provided in the upper jaw with a long canine, 
directed downwards and backwards. The lachrymal holes are wanting, as 
in the giraffe; but there are posterior claws very much developed. The 
species inhabit the highest mountains from the Altai to Java. They are 
remarkably light and elegant animals. The most common species, the 
musk, M. moschiferus (pl. 108, fig. 4), celebrated for a well known, strong 
perfume, which it carries in a membranous pouch under the tail, and whose 
medicinal qualities are much esteemed, is of the size of a goat, has scarcely 
any tail, and is covered with hairs so coarse and brittle that they might be 
termed spines. Its habits are solitary and nocturnal; it is of an extreme 
timidity. The other species have no musk pouch, and are the smallest and 
most elegant of all the ruminants. 
Fossil remains of several species were discovered in the middle and 
upper tertiary beds of Europe and Asia, but the European are not well 
determined. 
The genus Dremotherium is known only in a fossil state, the fragments 
of which were found in the fresh water tertiary strata of Auvergne 
(France), differing from Moschus in the absence of the canine teeth. 
Among these numerous remains there seem to be several species, two of 
which have already been described. 
In the following ruminants, in the male at least, there are two horns; 
that is to say, prominences of the frontal bones, which are not found in any 
other family of mammals. 
In some, these prominences are covered with an elastic sheath, composed 
as it were of agglutinated hairs, which increase by layers during life. The 
substance of this sheath is the horn, properly so called, and the sheath itself 
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