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’ ANTHROPOLOGY. 
bones: the two former are received into the radius; the latter corresponds 
‘to the fibro-cartilage which separates it from the ulna, and excludes this 
bone from the joint. The wrist joint is secured by an external and internal 
lateral, by a.posterior and anterior ligament, and by a synovial membrane. 
~The external lateral or radio-carpal ligament arises from the styloid process 
of the radius, and is inserted into the scaphoid bone. The enéernal lateral 
‘or ulno-carpal ligament arises from the styloid process of the ulna, extends 
‘obliquely downwards and forwards, and is inserted into the cuneiform and 
pisiform bones. The anterior and posterior ligaments descend from the radius 
and interarticular cartilage anteriorly and posteriorly, and are inserted into 
the superior row of the carpus. These two ligaments, with the two 
lateral, constitute the capsular ligament of some authors (pl. 126, figs. 17°, 
‘2. 1, 2, =: 
7. ARTICULATIONS OF THE BONES OF THE CARpPUSs. The bones of the 
carpus are arranged in two rows, between which a certain degree of motion 
‘takes place, very little, however, between the individual bones in either 
row. The bones of the first row are connected by wnterosseous ligaments, 
consisting of dense tissue placed between the upper border of the scaphoid 
and lunar, and lunar and cuneiform. They range on a level with the 
carpal convexity of the bones. The dorsal and palmar ligaments consist 
of strong bands, which run in different directions from one bone to another. 
The four bones of the second row of the carpus, like those of the first, are 
connected by interosseous substance and by dorsal and palmar bands. 
The bones of the entire carpus are connected with each other by the annu- 
lar ligament which preserves the arched form of the carpus. 
8, ARTICULATIONS BETWEEN THE CarPUs AND Meracarpus. The five 
metacarpal bones present two series of articulations, the posterior or carpo- 
metacarpal, and the anterior or metacarpo-phalangeal. In the former, the 
carpal ends of the four internal metacarpal are joined to the lower row of 
the carpus by nearly plane surfaces, and are secured before and behind by 
transverse and oblique fibrous bands, which cover the synovial membranes 
and are called dorsal, palmar, and interosseous. Across the upper and lower 
extremities of the metacarpus pass ligaments (fig. 1°°), whose object is to 
give compactness to the hand. 
9. ARTICULATIONS BETWEEN THE METACARPUS AND THE PHALANGES. 
These joints are furnished with capsular ligaments and synovial membranes 
(figs. 8, 4,5) There are also strong lateral ligaments. 
6. SpecIAL ANATOMY OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMITIES. 
A. Bones of the Inferrwor Haxtremities. 
To the lower extremities belong the pelvis, the thigh, the leg, and the 
foot, subdivided into the tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges. The pelvis 
- consists of four bones, the ossa innominata, the sacrum, a bone of the spine, 
-and the coccyx; the thigh of one, the femur; the leg of three, the patella, 
the tibia, and the fibula; the tarsus of seven, the astragalus, the caleaneum, 
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