38. | ANTHROPOLOGY. 
broader and ascends higher. An external tuberosity gives attachment to. 
the external lateral ligaments of the knee-joint. Beneath it isa groove 
which receives the tendon of the poplitzeus muscle when the joint is flexed. 
The cnternal condyle (pil. 122, figs. 8”, 4**) is narrower, less prominent before, 
but more prolonged behind. On its inner side is the tubercle for the at- 
tachment of the internal lateral ligament. The posterior crucial ligament. 
is attached to the rough outer side. Posteriorly the condyles are separated 
by a deep fossa or intercondyloid notch which lodges the crucial ligaments. 
Anteriorly they unite in a trochlea or pulley on which the patella moves. . 
The femur thus articulates superiorly with the pelvis, anteriorly with the. 
patella, and inferiorly with the tibia. | 
3. THE Lec. The bones of the leg are the patella, tibia, and fibula. — 
The patella, rotula, or knee-pan (figs. 3”, 5*, 22, 28) is a small bone in 
front of the knee-joint, triangular or heart-shaped, the base above, the apex 
below. The anterior surface is convex and rough, the posterior covered 
by cartilage and divided by a vertical ridge into two parts. The patella 
slides in the trochlea of the femur; to the upper end the extensor tendons 
are attached, while the lower is connected with the tibia by a powerful 
ligament. $ | 
The tbza, or shinbone (fig. 8, M), next to the femur, is the longest bone 
in the skeleton. It occupies the anterior and inner part of the legs the 
direction, unlike that of the femur, is vertical, and the tibize of the opposite — 
sides are parallel. The upper extremity is thick, and expanded from side 
to side; the circumference somewhat circular or oval, convex in front and 
on the sides, but slightly grooved behind. The upper or femoral surface 
(fig. 26) presents two condyles, or rather glenoid cavities, for articulating 
with the femur. The internal is oval, and the deeper of the two; it is also 
larger antero-posteriorly. The external is nearly circular, and very super- 
ficial. The two are separated by a spine, which is of a pyramidal form, and 
is surmounted by two tubercles; in and about the spine are inserted the 
semi-lunar cartilages and the crucial ligaments. 
The body or shaft of the tibia is triangular; its size diminishes from the - 
head for about two thirds down; it then increases somewhat towards the 
lower end. | ena : 
_ The lower or tarsal end (fig. 27) is somewhat square, with an anterior 
convex edge, covered by extensor tendons; a posterior nearly smooth edge, 
traversed by a groove; externally a concave triangular surface, smooth below. 
for receiving the lower end of the fibula; internally there is a thick flat- 
tened perpendicular process, called the cnternal malleolus or ankle (fig. 4”). 
The fibula (fig. 3°*°”’) is very slender, and nearly as long as the tibia; it 
is placed at the outer side of the leg, nearly vertical, with its lower end 
inclined a little forwards; the superior or femoral end is small and circular, 
with a slight cavity forwards, upwards, and inwards, for articulating with 
the tuberosity on the external condyle of the tibia; the lower or tarsal end 
is larger than the upper; it is elongated into a long oval process, the exter- 
nal malleolus or ankle (fig. 4"*); the external lateral ligament arises from the 
point of this process. 
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