40 ANTHROPOLOGY. 
rated by interosseous spaces: its posterior border is connected to the tarsus 
by an irregular transverse line of articulation; convex forwards, concave 
backwards. The first or internal of these bones is shortest and thickest; its 
anterior end supports the great toe. The second is the longest; its tarsal 
end is articulated to the three cuneiform bones. The third is a little shorter 
than the second; its base rests on the third cuneiform bone. The fourth 
is still shorter; it rests on the cuboid bone, and touches the third cuneiform. 
The fifth is shortest, excepting the first; it rests on the cuboid bone, with a 
styloid process externally for the insertion of a muscle. The heads of all 
the metatarsal bones are round, the bases flat and somewhat square, to 
articulate with the tarsus; the sides of the bases also are flat, to join one 
another. 
The toes (pl. 128, fig. 49°") are five in number : the first or great toe Ee 
only two phalanges; all the rest have three, making fourteen phalanges in all. 
The first phalanges are longest; the second are very short; the third, also, 
are very small. At the base of the first phalanx of the great toe there are 
usually two sesamord bones, over which the small muscles of this toe glide; 
the sesamoid bones may also occur in some of the other toes. 
B. Articulations and Ingaments of the Inferior Kxtremities. 
1. ARTICULATION BETWEEN THE PELVIS AND THE SPINE. The last lum- 
bar vertebra is joined to the sacrum in the same manner as the other verte- 
bre are joined to each other, by an intervertebral, anterior and posterior, 
yellow, supra, and interspinous synovial membranes, and capsular ligaments. 
The connexion is also strengthened by the lwmbo-sacral ligament, a short, 
thick, fibrous band, extending from the transverse process of the last lumbar 
vertebra to the posterior part of the base of the sacrum. 
The two last lumbar vertebrze are connected with the ilium by the zho- 
lumbar ligament (pl. 125, figs. 4°, 5°*). This is sometimes divided into 
two; it arises from the transverse processes of the fifth and fourth lumbar 
vertebra, and from the back part of the sacrum, and is inserted into the 
posterior superior spine of the ilium, and into its crest. 
The articulations of the pelvic bones with each other are the sacro-coccy- 
geal, the sacro-iliac, the sacro-sciatic, and the pubic. There are no pened 
or true joints beswcen the pelvic Lae 
The sacrum and coccyx are jomed by a thin anterior, and a ‘thick 
posterior sacro-coccygean ligament (figs. 4°, 5°), as also by a thin inter- 
vertebral fibro-cartilage. The articulation usually allows of more motion in 
the female than the male. 
The sacro-iliac articulation is secured by an anterior and posterior liga- 
ment. The anterior sacro-thac ligament (fig. 4°) is thin, and consists of 
fibres passing transversely from one bone to another; the posterior (fig. 5°) 
consists of fasciculi passing from the rough surface of the sacrum to that of 
the ilium, and to its posterior superior spine. The sacro-iliac symphysis 
connects the articular surface of these bones, which in the aged are some- 
times anchylosed. 
The sacrum and ischium, though not in contact, are connected by very 
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