44 | ANTHROPOLOGY. 
indicates, unite the calcaneum with the cuboid bone. The union of the 
scaphoid and cuboid is effected by the dorsal and plantar scapheo-cuboid 
ligament. The three cuneiform bones are connected to the scaphoid 
by dorsal ligaments, and by flat bands, as. also by very strong plantar 
ligaments. ‘ 
8. Tarso-METATARSAL ARTICULATIONS. The three internal metatarsal 
bones are joined to the three cuneiform, and the fourth and fifth metatarsal 
to the cuboid. The tarso-metatarsal range of articulations is secured by 
strong transverse ligaments, dorsal and plantar, and by interosseous fibres. 
9. THE METATARSO-PHALANGEAL ARTICULATIONS are arthrodial, and fur- 
nished with synovial membranes, protected by dorsal, plantar, and lateral 
ligaments. The phalanges of all the toes form ginglymoid joints, and are 
articulated to each other by synovial membranes and by lateral ligaments 
like those of the fingers. 7 
Il. THE MUSCLES, OR MYOLOGY OF THE HUMAN FRAME. | 
1. GENERAL ANATOMY OF THE MUSCLES. 
The muscles consist of aggregations of parallel, soft, contractile fibres, so 
connected with the bony framework and other parts of the system as to 
produce the various motions of the body. They constitute the portion 
of the animal usually known as the flesh, being composed of a peculiar 
reddish contractile tissue (tela muscularis), together with tendons, fat, blood- 
vessels, and nerves. } 
The muscles of the body have been divided into voluntary and involun- 
tary, or those which are and those which are not under the control of the 
will. With this difference another is usually conjoined, viz. that the fibres 
of voluntary muscle are solid organs, exhibiting transverse and very close 
parallel lines, while the involuntary muscular fibre is hollow and consists 
of flattened bands, generally of a pale color, without transverse striz, and 
bulged at frequent intervals by elongated corpuscles. While the former 
. are parallel to each other, the latter are interwoven and arranged in many 
_ layers, so as to form a muscular skin, as in the intestinal canal, the bladder, 
&c. Their action is confined to the enlarging, contracting, or otherwise 
affecting the shape and size of certain cavities, and is dependent upon the 
influence of the sympathetic nerves. Still the division above referred to 
is not altogether correct, since the heart is composed of transverse fibres, 
while the muscular coat of the cesophagus often displays the striz as far. 
down as the stomach. The further consideration of the involuntary mus- 
cles will be more appropriate under the subject of Splanchnology ; that of 
_ the voluntary will now occupy our attention. 
The muscles of voluntary motion, then, or the fiesh proper, are usually 
of a deep red color; they are mostly attached to the bones by means of 
tendons, and thus put them in motion. All, with few exceptions, have thei 
750 
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