46 ANTHROPOLOGY. 
er through loops, or else by the intervention of pulleys (trochie), i in or 
over which they glide. 
For the sake of facilitating the play of tendons, and to prevent friction, 
they are surrounded by loose cellular membranes (vagine tendinum eae, 
which permit them to glide freely one on the other; in other places they 
glide over synovial sacs of a similar character (Balhae mucose), especially 
about the joints. 
2. ANATOMY OF THE FASCIA. 
The muscles are intimately connected with certain membranous expan- 
sions (fascoe) found in various regions of the body, and forming coverings 
to particular parts. These expansions are composed either of cellular 
tissue more or less condensed, or of fibrous tissue; the former are called 
cellular fascie, the latter the aponeuroses or aponeurotic fasce. They 
include and embrace not only single muscles but entire systems, maintain- 
ing them securely in their place and relative position. The most extensively 
distributed cellular fascia is that layer of cellular membrane immediately 
adjacent to the subcutaneous cellular tissue all over the body, and in most 
cases so intimately connected with it as to be inseparable. This is usually 
known. as the superficial fascia. Although this is universal, there are 
nevertheless certain regions where it is of more importance than in others, 
as in the neck and abdomen; here it constitutes a distinct membraniform 
expansion. The cervical fascize bind down the muscles, and support the 
vessels and glands in this region; at the lower part of the neck they serve 
to protect the trachea and the upper part of the thorax from the pressure 
of the atmosphere during respiration. 
Pl. 129, fig. 1, cervical fascia, the platysma myoides supposed to be 
removed: *, superficial layer; *, temporal aponeurosis; *, portion over the 
parotid gland; *, clavicular portion; *. continuation over the pectoralis major; 
*, external jugular vein showing through the superficial layer. 
Pl. 129, fig. 2’, middle layer of the cervical fascia; *, cut edge of the 
superficial layer; *, continuation of the middle layer beneath the sterno- 
cleido-mastoid muscle; *, sheath for the cervical vessels; °, section of the 
sterno-cleido-mastoid; °, portion of the fascia attached to the lower jaw, 
separating the parotid gland, ’, from the submaxillary, °. 
Pi. 129, fig. 3, deep-seated layer: *, section of the superficial layer; 
*, do. of the sterno-cleido-mastoid; *, middle layer; *, deep-seated layer 
extending into the thoracic cavity, and passing above along the lower edge 
of the thyroid gland, °. 
Pl. 129, fig. 4’, layer descending anterior to the vertebral column ; 
, Sscalenus anticus forming a swelling beneath it; *, clavicle removed; 
* section of sterno-cleido-mastoid. 
The eye is protected in a measure by the ocular fascia, which, although 
not very thick or strong, is tough, flocculent, and difficult to remove. It 
covers the recti muscles as far back as their origin, and is continued ante- 
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