* 50 ANTHROPOLOGY. 
draw the external ear forwards and upwards. 3. Posterior awris, or retra- 
hens aurem, arises from the mastoid process above the sterno-mastoid muscle, 
and is inserted into the back part of the concha. Use: to enlarge the 
meatus of the ear, and to direct it backwards. 
_ Orbicularts, or ee palpebrarum. This is a broad circular’ muscle, 
lying immediately under the skin of the eyelids. The first point of this 
muscle is principally the ligamentum palpebrale internum, and the internal 
canthus of the orbit; elsewhere it is but loosely attached to the subjacent 
parts. 
Tensor tarst. This arises from the posterior edge of the os unguis, passes 
forwards, and is inserted into the lachrymal ducts. Use: to draw the 
puncta and eyelids in close contact with the eye, and to press the former 
towards the nose; this muscle is sometimes called Horner’s muscle, from 
its discoverer. : 
Corrugator supercilid arises from the internal angular process of the os 
frontis, and is inserted into the middle of the eyebrow, mixing with the 
orbicularis and occipito-frontalis muscles. Use: to depress and approxi- 
mate the eyebrows, throwing the skin into vertical wrinkles, as in frowning. 
Pyramidalis nasi arises from the occipito-frontalis, and is imserted into the 
compressor nasi muscle. Use: to raise the skin covering the ossa nasi. 
Compressor nasi is a thin and triangular muscle, placed on the side of the 
nose, between the skin and the cartilage; it arises from the inner side of 
the canine fossa, in the superior maxilla, and is inserted by a thin aponeu- 
rosis into the dorsum of the nose, joining some fibres from the opposite side; 
its use is to press the ala fone onh the septum, or to draw it from it, so as 
alternately to enlarge or diminish the anterior nares. 
Levator lab supervoris aleeque nasi is a long, thin, triangular muscle, a 
on the side of the nose, between the orbit and the upper lip; it arises from 
two ridges: first, from the upper extremity of the nasal process of the supe- 
rior maxilla; second, from the edge of the orbit above the infra-orbital 
-hole ; it is inserted into the ala nasi, and into the upper lip and orbicularis 
oris; its use is indicated by the name. 
Zygomaticus minor is very small, and sometimes wanting; it arises from 
the upper part of the malar bone, and is inserted into the upper lip, near the 
commissure. Use: to draw the angle of the mouth upwards and outwards, 
as in smiling. 
Levator anguli oris (musculus caninus) is situated about the middle of the 
face; it arises from the canine fossa in the superior maxillary bone, imme- 
diately below the infra-orbital foramen, and above the alveolus of the first 
molar tooth, and is inserted into the commissure of the lips, and into the 
orbicularis oris. | 
Depressor labii superioris alegue nasi. This arises from the myrtiform 
fossa in front of the alveoli of the canine and incisor teeth of the upper 
maxilla, and is inserted into the integuments of the upper lip, and into the 
fibro-cartilage of the septum and ala nasi. Use: to press the lips against 
the anterior teeth, and to depress the septum and ala nasi. 
Depressor anguli vel triangularis oris is a flat and triangular muscle, 
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