i... ANTHROPOLOGY. 
Fig. hs *complexus; *, trachelo-mastoid ; °, minor, *, major rectus” es 
posticus 5°, obliquus apie inferior and superior. 
E. Muscles of the Abdomen and Pelvis. 
The abdominal and pelvic muscles proper may be divided into the super- 
ficial, consisting of the obliquus externus and internus, transversalis, rectus, 
and pyramidalis of each side, and the deep-seated, viz. the quadratus lumbo- 
rum, psoas parvus and magnus, and iliacus internus of each side, and. the 
diaplaraieat 
The oblequus externus, or descendens, broad, thin, and somewhat square, 
extends over the anterior and lateral part of the iapaigiitees It arises: by 
eight or nine triangular fleshy slips from the lower edges and external 
surface of the eight or nine inferior ribs at a little distance from their carti- 
lages; this serrated origin is in the form of a long curved line, the concavity 
upwards and backwards. The insertion is into the xiphoid cartilage, linea 
alba, pubes, Poupart’s ligament (formed by a thickening and reflection or 
folding back of the lower fibres of this tendon), and into the anterior 
superior spinous process of the ilium, also into the outer edge of the two 
anterior thirds of the crest of the ilium. Use: to depress and abduct the 
ribs,.and to compress the abdominal viscera so as to assist in expiration and 
in the evacuation of the urine and feces. The linea alba is a dense liga- 
mentous cord extending from the ensiform cartilage to the upper part of 
the symphysis pubis, and is formed by the intimate union and crossing of 
the tendinous fibres of the two oblique and transverse muscles of opposite 
sides. The linece senu-lunares extend from the tuberosity of the pubes on 
each side, about four inches from the linea alba, towards the cartilages of 
the eighth and ninth ribs. They appear white and somewhat depressed, 
and are formed by the tendons of the internal oblique, dividing at the edge 
of each rectus into two layers, to inclose the muscle in a sort of sheath. 
The linee transverse are three or four on each side; they cross the rectus 
muscle from the linea alba to the linez semi-lunares; they are tendinous 
intersections of that muscle, particularly of its anterior part, which adhere 
so intimately to its sheath as to give the latter this indented appearance. 
Poupart’s ligament, as already remarked, is the inferior edge of the tendon 
of the external oblique, thickened and reflected. Considered as a distinct 
- ligament, it may be said to arise from the anterior superior spinous ‘process 
of the ilium, and passing forwards and inwards, to be inserted into the pubes 
by two attachments; one anteriorly into the tuberosity or spine, the other 
principally into the innominata of the pubes. This second insertion is 
sometimes known as Gimbernaut’s ligament. 
Obliquus internus or ascendens is also situated at the anterior and lateral 
part of the abdomen, broader before than behind. It arises from the fascia 
lumborum, from all the crest of the ilium, and from the two external thirds 
of the grooved or abdominal surface of Poupart’s ligament, and is inserted 
into the cartilages of the four inferior ribs, the xiphoid cartilage, the carti- 
lage of the seventh and eighth ribs, and the whole length of the linea alba: 
its tendon conjoined with that of the transversalis is inserted imto the 
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