82 ANTHROPOLOGY. 
We thus have two pairs of arteries to consider for the head and superior 
extremities, two of them, the left common carotid and the left subclavian, 
arising immediately from the arch of the aorta; while the right subclavian 
and carotid are constituted by the bifurcation ‘3 the arteria inmominata, 
about an inch from the aortic arch. | 
B. The Cartoid Arteries. 
The right arises from the innominata, the left from the arch of the aorta; 
they ascend obliquely outwards as far as the os hyoides, where they divide 
into an external and an internal. 
1. THE EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY ascends obliquely backwards to the 
fore part of the meatus auditorius covered by the skin, platysma, and fascia, 
as also by the digastric and stylo-hyoid muscles, the parotid stanasad 
portia dura nerve. It gives off ten arteries in three sets: anteriorly, the 
superior thyroid, lingual, and labial ; posteriorly, the muscular, auricular, and 
occipital ; superiorly, the ipikilniprijeil transverse, facial, ‘eniiporal and apie 
maxillary. 
The superior thyroid arises opposite to the cornu of the thyroid saint 
and descending obliquely forwards beneath the sterno-thyroid and omo- 
hyoid muscles, sends off the following branches: 1, the superficial, distributed 
to the integument and to the superficial muscles; 2, the laryngeal, to the 
muscles and mucous membranes of the larynx; 8, hyoidean, to the lower 
border of the os hyoides and adjacent muscles; 4, superior pede to the 
thyroid gland. 
The lingual artery arises immediately above the preceding ; it ddastidl 
tortuously forwards and inwards, above the os hyoides to the base of the 
tongue, between the hyo and ee ee muscles, and running horizon- 
tally forwards towards the tip of the tongue, gives off the following branches: 
1, hyoidean ; 2, dorsalis lingue, which ascends to the dorsum of the tongue 
and is lost on the mucous membrane near its base, also on the velum and 
fauces; 38, sublingual, to the sublingual gland, mylo-hyoid muscle, and 
mucous membrane of the mouth; 4, ranine, the trunk continued along the 
lingualis muscle to the tip of the tongue. 
The labial or external maxillary artery arises opposite the os hyoides, 
ascends behind the digastricus, and between the submaxillary gland and 
the base of the jaw, and turning around the latter rises towards the sides 
of the nose. In the neck it gives off: 1, the inferior palatine to the velum ; 
2, glandular, to the submaxillary and adjoining lymphatic glands; 3, sub- 
mental, to the chin and surrounding muscles. On the face it gives off: 
4, inferior labial, to the muscles and integuments between the lip and ehin ; 
5, inferior and superior coronary, which’run along the borders of the lips ; 
6, lateralis nasi, to the side of the nose; 7, angularis, which communicates 
a the ophthalmic. ? 
The muscular artery descends obliquely backwards and divides into several 
branches, which are principally distributed to the sterno-mastoid and to the 
surrounding cellular tissue and glands. 
The occipital artery arises opposite the labial, ascends obliquely brat 
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