120 ANTHROPOLOGY. 
mind, whether in the working of the intellect, or in the exercise of the wall, 
or in rin perception of sensitive impressions. 
2. In simple operations of thought, as in the exercise of the reasoning 
powers, or of those of the imagination, the convolutions of the brain are 
immediately engaged. We do not say that material changes give rise 
to the mental actions, but rather that the changes of the immaterial 
mind and those of the vesicular matter of the convolutions are simul- 
taneous. : 
3. The simple exercise of the will for a voluntary movement is ssfolliy 
connected with the corpora striata. 
4. The mere reception of sensitive impressions is connected with the 
optic thalami and the superior layers of the crus cerebri. 
5. Mental emotions affect the posterior and superior part of the meso- 
cephalon. 
6. The cerebellum is the regulator of the locomotive actions. 
The harmony of the cerebrum is affected by various causes, whose influ- 
ence is then exhibited in abnormal mental or bodily phenomena. A violent 
concussion or a severe electrical shock may either produce immediate 
death, or else cause stupefaction, loss of memory, wandering of mind; turn- 
ing the body rapidly round causes vertigo. The excessive use of ardent 
spirits or narcotics may effect the same result, delirium, insanity, and 
lethargy following in their tram. The poet may have his inspiration 
excited and increased by wine, the use of which would only blunt the calm 
reflection of the ae enone 
These brief indications may serve to introduce the subject of Phrenology 
or Cranioscopy, the science which professes to decide upon the mental 
peculiarities of man and animals, from the form and relations of certain 
portions of the exterior of the skull. 
This subject was first elaborated by Gall, born at Tiefenbrun in Swabia, 
March 9th, 1757. For a time settled in Vienna as a physician, he subse- 
quently moved to Paris, where he died August 22d, 1828. He well knew 
that it was the brain and not the skull that was connected with the mental 
phenomena, yet as it was impossible to have access to the former in the 
living individual, he took the latter as its measure, assuming the exterior 
of the skull to be an exact model of the inequalities on the surface of the 
brain. Associating himself with Spurzheim, a former pupil, Gall endea- 
vored to bring his hypothesis to the rank of a well established theory. In 
the following article we present the principal features of their science. 
A. Phrenological System of Gall and Spurzheim. 
The mental powers of an animal are numerous in proportion to the com- 
plexity of its brain; the remarkable diversities in the structure of the brain 
in different weer stand in immediate relation to the special variations in 
their mode of life and general functions. 
In all organized ene different phenomena presuppose different organs; 
thus the different functions of the brain imply different organs. 
One animal possesses inclinations and instincts which are wanting to 
826 
